Global emission inventories for C4–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: production and emissions from quantifiable sources

Wang, Zhanyun; Cousins, Ian T.; Scheringer, Martin; Buck, Robert C.; Hungerbühler, Konrad

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.013

Cited by 557 publications

(469 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that the concentrations of PFAAs in the Xiaoqing River can reach 5.07 μg/L at a distance of 30 km from the confluence with the contaminated Dongzhulong River, and 3 μg/L at the estuary 92 km away from the FIP (Wang et al, 2014a). Most farmlands in the northern part of the study area are irrigated by surface water abstraction.…”

Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A previous study has shown that the main sources of PFAAs in the South Bohai coastal region were located in the Xiaoqing River basin (Wang et al, 2014a). The major source is a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP), a fluoropolymer production centre with an annual capacity of 50,000 tons of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 37,000 tons of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 10,000 tons of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and more than 200,000 tons of different types of fluorinated refrigerants (Dongyue Group Limited, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

125

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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be released to water bodies during manufacturing and application of PFAA-containing products. In this study, the contamination pattern, attenuation dynamics, sources, pathways, and risk zoning of PFAAs in surface and ground water was examined within a 10 km radius from a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). Among 12 detected PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated, followed by shorter-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFAA-containing waste was discharged from the FIP, with levels reaching 1.86 mg/L in the nearby rivers flowing to the Bohai sea together with up to 273 μg/L in the local groundwater in the catchment. These levels constitute a human health risks for PFOA and other shorter-chained PFCAs within this location. The concentrations of ∑PFAAs in surface water strongly correlated with the local groundwater. The dominant pollution pathways of PFAAs included (i) discharge into surface water then to groundwater through seepage, and (ii) atmospheric deposition from the FIP, followed by infiltration to groundwater. As the distance increased from the source, PFAAs levels in groundwater showed a sharp initial decrease followed by a gentle decline. The contamination signal from the FIP site on PFAAs in groundwater existed within a radius of 4 km, and at least 3 km from the polluted Dongzhulong River. The major controlling factor in PFAA attenuation processes was likely to be dilution together with dispersion and adsorption to aquifer solids. The relative abundance of PFOA (C8) declined while those of shorter-chained PFCAs (C4-C6) increased during surface water seepage and further dispersion in groundwater.

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Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

125

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“…The FIP is a selfsufficient manufacturer, so the PFCAs could be generated and released through their direct production, the production of fluoropolymers or the production of many intermediates (Wang et al, 2016). Global source inventories have also demonstrated that emissions of PFCAs can be largely attributed to these processes (Wang et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Source Identification Of Pfaas In Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These properties have led to their use in various commercial products and industrial processes, such as textile, food containers, upholstery, fire-fighting foams, metal plating and fluoropolymer manufacturing (OECD, 2002;Buck et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2014b). Their presence in so many products and non-biodegradability has led to their wide distribution in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This FIP also produces other fluoropolymers (FP) that involve PFOA as a processing aid (Wang et al, 2014a;Wang et al, 2016). While PFOA is largely released via the production and use of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (APFO) (Wang et al, 2014b), the C4-C7 PFCAs mainly come from impurities of PFCAs in FP/fluoroelastomer (FE) products or degradation of FP precursors (Shi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

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The manufacture of fluorochemicals can lead to high levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) contaminating the surrounding environment and consequently elevated exposure to the local residents. In this study, measurements of PFAAs associated with indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) were made. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4-C7 PFCAs) were the predominant forms in all samples. The signature of the PFAAs in dusts in the local area matched that found within the FIP complex. The contamination plume in the local area could be linked to the prevailing wind direction starting from the FIP. The dust concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the FIP (noticeably in the first 5 km). PFAAs contamination could be detected at the furthest location, 20 km away from the FIP. The concentrations of PFAAs were higher in indoor dust (73-13,500 ng/g, median: 979 ng/g) than those in outdoor dust (5-9495 ng/g, median: 62 ng/g) at every location. The highest estimated daily intake of PFOA via dust ingestion (26.0 ng/kg·bw/day) was for toddlers (2-5 years) living 2 km away from the FIP, which is posing human health risk, though exposure remains within the provisional tolerable daily intake values.

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North Atlantic Deep Water formation inhibits high Arctic contamination by continental perfluorooctane sulfonate discharges

Zhang

Dassuncao

Lohmann

et al. 2017

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an aliphatic fluorinated compound with eight carbon atoms that is extremely persistent in the environment and can adversely affect human and ecological health. The stability, low reactivity, and high water solubility of PFOS combined with the North American phaseout in production around the year 2000 make it a potentially useful new tracer for ocean circulation. Here we characterize processes affecting the lifetime and accumulation of PFOS in the North Atlantic Ocean and transport to sensitive Arctic regions by developing a 3‐D simulation within the MITgcm. The model captures variability in measurements across biogeographical provinces (R2 = 0.90, p = 0.01). In 2015, the North Atlantic PFOS reservoir was equivalent to 60% of cumulative inputs from the North American and European continents (1400 Mg). Cumulative inputs to the Arctic accounted for 30% of continental discharges, while the remaining 10% was transported to the tropical Atlantic and other regions. PFOS concentrations declined rapidly after 2002 in the surface mixed layer (half‐life: 1–2 years) but are still increasing below 1000 m depth. During peak production years (1980–2000), plumes of PFOS‐enriched seawater were transported to the sub‐Arctic in energetic surface ocean currents. However, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and deep ocean transport returned a substantial fraction of this northward transport (20%, 530 Mg) to southern latitudes and reduced cumulative inputs to the Arctic (730 Mg) by 70%. Weakened AMOC due to climate change is thus likely to increase the magnitude of persistent bioaccumulative pollutants entering the Arctic Ocean.

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Global emission inventories for C4–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: production and emissions from quantifiable sources

Cited by 557 publications

References 68 publications

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

North Atlantic Deep Water formation inhibits high Arctic contamination by continental perfluorooctane sulfonate discharges

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