Global CO2 emission from volcanic lakes

Abstract

The global CO 2 discharge from subaerial volcanism has been estimated at ~300 Mt yr -1 . However, estimates of CO 2 emissions from volcanic lakes have not been considered. In order to improve this information, extensive research on CO 2 emissions of volcanic lakes worldwide has been performed. The observed normalized average CO 2 emission rates increase from alkaline (5.5 t km -2 d -1 ), to neutral (201.2 t km -2 d -1 ), to acid (614.2 t km -2 d -1 ) in volcanic lakes. Taking into account (1) normalized CO 2 emission rates, (2) the number of volcanic lakes in the world (~769), and (3) the fraction and average areas of the investigated alkaline, neutral, and acid volcanic lakes, the estimated global CO 2 emission from volcanic lakes is 117 ± 19 Mt yr -1 , with 94 ± 17 Mt yr -1 as deep-seated CO 2 . This study highlights the importance of a revision of the actual global CO 2 discharge from subaerial volcanism. Printed in USAFigure 4. Probability plot of normalized CO 2 emission rates from studied volcanic lakes. P-population.on June 3, 2015 geology.gsapubs.org Downloaded from

Carbon dioxide emission from Katanuma volcanic lake, Japan

“…The result was 17±0.6 t d −1 for diffuse CO 2 . This value is smaller than the emission rates reported for other volcanic lakes (Pérez et al, 2011). However, in order to compare individual CO 2 emission of various volcanic lakes, it is important to consider the lake-type and the area.…”

“…During the last two decades, studies of the spatial distribution of soil CO 2 efflux has become an ideal geochemical tool for monitoring volcanic activity (Hernández et al, 2001a(Hernández et al, , b, 2006Granieri et al, 2006;Pérez et al, 2011). Several authors have demonstrated that continuous monitoring of CO 2 efflux provides important information for volcanic surveillance and seismotectonic monitoring Carapezza et al, 2004;Pérez et al, 2006).…”

“…This led to the recognition that volcanic lakes are hazardous (Le Guern and Sigvaldason, 1989Sigvaldason, , 1990Evans et al, 1994;Kling et al, 2005;Kusakabe et al, 2008). Since a large amount of magmatic gases is dissolved in water, CO 2 degassing from volcanic lakes should be a process to be taken into account (Pérez et al, 2011). Degassing through the lake surface occurs by bubbles (convective/advective degassing) or by diffusion through the water/air interface (Mazot and Taran, 2009).…”

δ18O and δD variations in some volcanic lakes on the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West-Africa): generating isotopic baseline data for volcano monitoring and surveillance in Cameroon

“…In addition to their aesthetic and recreational benefits (Butler, 1991;Eagles, 1997), these lakes play important economic roles such as acting as a water source for domestic use, hydroelectric power production and reservoirs for irrigation. Their global importance is also obvious: they house a remarkable variety of living organisms, making them a reservoir of biodiversity; they also participate in the global carbon cycle because they can passively and/or explosively release a large amount of CO 2 into the atmosphere (Allard et al, 1991;Freeth, 1992;Perez et al, 2011), thus participating in global climate regulation.…”

Ecosystem responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> using airborne remote sensing at Mammoth Mountain, California

“…These surface discharges yield broad atmospheric enhancements that transport CO2 downwind (Kerrick, 2001), resulting in swaths of variably affected plants whose periods of exposure can be over hundreds of years (Cook et al, 2001). Because volcanic CO2 emissions are a vital part of the global carbon cycle (Mason et al, 2017;Schwandner et al, 2017) and have been monitored worldwide for decades (Boudoire et al 2017;Camarda et al, 2012;Perez et al, 2011;Gerlach, 1991), the rate and spatial 5 distribution of these fluxes are well-understood due to an abundance of field surveys in many volcanic systems (e.g. Hernández et al, 1998;Cardellini et al, 2003;Werner and Brantley, 2003;Giammanco et al, 2007;Lewicki et al, 2014a).…”