Global biofuel policies: A review

Abstract

Most partial equilibrium models of the agricultural sector have not incorporated a dynamic and interlinked module for agricultural input expenditure. The South African Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) model, which models a major share of agricultural output in South Africa, has also up to now not integrated input expenditure into the modelling framework. In most models, input costs are treated as exogenous and the recursive link between the input and output sides of the sector is overlooked in the models that attempt to incorporate input expenditures. This article addresses both issues by integrating agricultural input expenditures into the South African sectoral partial equilibrium model by endogenising input costs and recursively linking both the input and output sides of the agricultural sector. Thus, the impact of increasing the input cost may not only signal a fall in the gross value added and net farming income, but also a growth in subsequent years when the recursive effect of the impact is fully accounted for.

Energy supplies and future engines for land, sea, and air

“…Complementary technology reviews, not all of them critical, are available for: (1) engines and turbines (Haglind, 2008a;Haglind, 2008b;Haglind, 2008c;Hausberger et al, 2012;Lloyd and Cackette, 2001;NRC, 2010a;NRC, 2011a;Sahoo et al, 2009); (2) biofuels production and use (Andrade et al, 2011;Balat, 2009;Balat and Balat, 2009;Carriquiry et al, 2011;Cheng and Timilsina, 2011;Deng et al, 2008;Hammerschlag, 2006;Hoekman, 2009;Hoekman and Robbins, 2012;Kralova and Sjoblom, 2010;Lin et al, 2011;Ma and Hanna, 1999;Mohan et al, 2006;NRC, 2011b;Pitz and Mueller, 2011;Sahoo et al, 2009;Shahid and Jamal, 2011;Sparks and Ortmann, 2011;Stamenkovic et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2009;Williams et al, 2009); (3) petroleum extraction and refining, including the oil sands (Alvarado and Manrique, 2010;Charpentier et al, 2009;Charpentier et al, 2011;Chhetri and Islam, 2008;Chung et al, 2012;Finan and Kadak, 2010;Gray et al, 2009); (4) coal extraction, use, and environmental consequences (Hook and Aleklett, 2010;Lighty et al, 2000;…”