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We use high-speed video imaging to investigate vapor explosions during the impact of a molten Field's metal drop onto a pool of water. These explosions occur for temperatures above the Leidenfrost temperature and are observed to occur in up to three stages as the metal temperature is increased, with each explosion being more powerful that the preceding one. The Field's metal drop breaks up into numerous microbeads with an exponential size distribution, in contrast to tin droplets where the vapor explosion deforms the metal to form porous solid structures. We compare the characteristic bead size to the wavelength of the fastest growing mode of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

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“…• C [32,33]. To support this approximate value we do our own estimate with the pendent drop technique [34], as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Formation of microbeads during vapor explosions of Field's metal in water

Kouraytem

Thoroddsen

2016

Phys. Rev. E

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“…This average rate was equal to 500 μmole/sec. To estimate bismuth density an empirical equation from (Alchagirov and Mozgovoi, 2003) was used, extrapolated by approximately 300 degrees above the recommended interval. During the measurement of the drop volume it decreased by 190 μmole, and two bubbles with an overall volume of 0.16 cm 3 tore off from it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The X-Ray–TV Investigation of Behaviour of a Bismuth Sample Introduced to Molten Steel

Ryabov¹,

Panfilov²,

Semenova³

2015

MAS

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The study is devoted to the processes accompanying introduction of bismuth to molten steel. Two variants of such introduction were used, viz. bismuth granules and bismuth contained in a steel tube. The time of tube melting, the behaviour of granules and droplets of bismuth and of the gas bubbles formed at their surfaces in the steel melt are discussed. Experiments were carried out with the 0.4 C -1 %Cr steel melt at 1550-1580 ºС by means of the X-ray -TV observation. Based on image analysis the volumes of droplets and bubbles were estimated as a function of time. Arguments are provided to support the supposition that the bubbles of bismuth vapour in steel melt are enveloped by liquid metal. Estimates of the horizontal constituent of velocity of bismuth droplets in inhomogeneously heated steel presumably permitted to observe the thermocapillary effect previously found in some other systems. Simultaneous evaluation of the volume of bismuth droplets and forming bubbles and of the contact area of the phases permitted to estimate the specific rate of evaporation of bismuth to the bubble of its own vapour at 1580 °C. It was found to be several orders of magnitude lower than that of evaporation of bismuth into vacuum.

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“…We have previously [4][5][6] measured the density of lead in the condensed state in a wide temperature range. The experiments involved the use of the pycnometer, areometer, and penetrating γ-radiation techniques with a high accuracy (0.1-0.4%) in highly pure samples of metal (>99.99% by mass).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analogous investigations for bismuth were started in [5,7], where results are given of measurements of its density in the liquid phase at temperatures of 573-773 K and 552-702 K, respectively. However, because the working areometers and pycnometers [5,7] were made of molybdenum glass, the maximal temperature of these experiments did not exceed 773 K. Therefore, the present study involved new measurements of the density of bismuth in the condensed state in a wide temperature range, including temperatures above 773 K.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Investigation of the Density of Bismuth in the Condensed State in a Wide Temperature Range

et al. 2005

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The method of radioactive gamma-raying is used to investigate the density of bismuth in the condensed state at temperatures from 337 to 1505 K. The purity of investigated metal is >99.99% by mass. The confidence error of measurements does not exceed 0.4%. The experimental results are used to provide recommended reference data on the density of solid and liquid bismuth in the range from room temperature to 1600 K.

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Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Formation of microbeads during vapor explosions of Field's metal in water

Formation of microbeads during vapor explosions of Field's metal in water

The X-Ray–TV Investigation of Behaviour of a Bismuth Sample Introduced to Molten Steel

An Experimental Investigation of the Density of Bismuth in the Condensed State in a Wide Temperature Range

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