Ginseng pharmacology

Attele, Anoja S.; Wu, Jingsong; Yuan, Chun‐Su

doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00212-9

Cited by 1,655 publications

(541 citation statements)

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“…[23][24][25] Their saponins, ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, Re and Rk1, improve learning ability in animals. [26][27][28][29][30] Among these saponins, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 showed strong neuroprotective effects, which may contribute to improving learning and memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Learning Deficit in Mice

Yang

Han

Ryu

et al. 2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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To understand memory-enhancing effect of red ginseng biotransformed by Bifidobacterium longum H-1 (RGB), which more potently improved scopolamine-induced learning deficit than red ginseng in the preliminary experiment, its main constituents, ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2, were isolated and their memory-enhancing effects investigated in scopolamine-treated mice by using passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. Among them, ginsenoside Rh2 most potently reversed memory impairment caused by scopolamine. Ginsenoside Rh2 also significantly shortened the escape latencies prolonged by scopolamine in the Morris water maze test (pϽ Ͻ0.001) and increased the swimming time shorten by scopolamine within the platform quadrant (pϽ Ͻ0.05). The ginsenoside Rh2 (3 m mM) reversed scopolamine (10 m mM)-induced suppression of long-term potentiation. It recovered field excitatory post synaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude potentiation to 152.3؎8.7% of the control (pϽ Ͻ0.05). Based on these findings, RGB and its main constituent, ginsenoside Rh2, might improve learning deficits. Also the memoryenhancing effects of RGB may be dependent on the content of ginsenoside Rh2.Key words red ginseng; ginsenoside Rh2; memory; scopolamine; long-term potentiation Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32(10) 1710-1715 (2009) © 2009 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan * To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: dhkim@khu.ac.kr

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5) In its steamed form, it is called red ginseng. 6) Red ginseng has been proven effective in the attenuation of learning deficits due to brain damage and aging in human and animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Learning Deficit in Mice

Yang

Han

Ryu

et al. 2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Most of the pharmacological actions of ginseng are attributed to a variety of ginsenosides, which are triterpenoid saponins (Attele et al, 1999;Huang et al, 2005). The physiological and medicinal effects of the various Science Publications AJAS ginsenosides differ and can even be oppositional (Sengupta et al, 2004;Joo et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Stability of Korean Ginseng in Herbal Drug Product

Babiker¹

2014

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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This study was designed to investigate long term stability of K-Gin capsules, a herbal medication that contains korean ginseng. Stability studies ensuring the maintenance of product quality, safety and efficacy throughout the shelf life are considered as pre-requisite for the acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product. Conducting long term stability studies following the guidelines issued by ICH, WHO and USP. The drug was stored under different climatic conditions: (25±1°C, humidity: 75%) Chamber 1(CH1); (30±1°C, humidity: 75%) Chamber 2(CH2) and (40±1°C, humidity 75%) Chamber 3(CH3) for 24 months,evaluation of capsulestchemicaly (ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1), physicaly and microbiologicaly, besides determination of certain elements including heavy metals, detection of pesticides residues and mycotoxins. The activation energies were found to be 10.99 and 10.2 (k.cal.mol −1 ) for Rg1 and Rb1 respectively. The calculated t 1/2 values for Rg1 were found to be 94 months in (CH1), 68.4 months in (CH2) and 51 months in (CH3). For Rb1 were found to be 100.3 months in (CH1), 73.39 months in (CH2) and 56.7 months in (CH3). Capsules assay results for Rg1 after 24 months period of study were found to be 98.93% in (CH1), 97.13% in (CH2) and 96.43% in (CH3). For Rb1 96.93% in (CH1), 96.83% in (CH2) and 96.13% in (CH3). Studies on the elemental composition confirmed absence of toxic heavy metals. Microbiological studies revealed no significant changes in total viable aerobic count of bacteria and fungi. The capsules were found to be free from any pesticides residues and the mycotoxins content was 723 ng kg −1 . The methods involved in this study covered, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and ELISA. The results were found to be within the allowable limits stated in the guidelines. From this study K-Gin capsules were proved to be stable chemicaly and physicaly under studied storage conditions for 24 months.

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“…Ginsenosides, major bioactive constituents in P. ginseng, are thought to be the main components responsible for the antidiabetic actions (Attele et al 1999(Attele et al , 2002. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) was also reported to be the most abundant constituent among more than 30 ginsenosides in ginseng Xiong et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion may be involved in antidiabetic effects of ginsenosides

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2013

Journal of Endocrinology

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Panax ginseng is one of the most popular herbal remedies. Ginsenosides, major bioactive constituents in P. ginseng, have shown good antidiabetic action, but the precise mechanism was not fully understood. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is considered to be an important incretin that can regulate glucose homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract after meals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginseng total saponins (GTS) exerts its antidiabetic effects via modulating GLP1 release. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the most abundant constituent in GTS, was selected to further explore the underlying mechanisms in cultured NCI-H716 cells. Diabetic rats were developed by a combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin injection. The diabetic rats orally received GTS (150 or 300 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. It was found that GTS treatment significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, accompanied by a significant increase in glucose-induced GLP1 secretion and upregulation of proglucagon gene expression. Data from NCI-H716 cells showed that both GTS and Rb1 promoted GLP1 secretion. It was observed that Rb1 increased the ratio of intracellular ATP to ADP concentration and intracellular Ca 2C concentration. The metabolic inhibitor azide (3 mM), the K ATP channel opener diazoxide (340 mM), and the Ca 2C channel blocker nifedipine (20 mM) significantly reversed Rb1-mediated GLP1 secretion. All these results drew a conclusion that ginsenosides stimulated GLP1 secretion both in vivo and in vitro. The antidiabetic effects of ginsenosides may be a result of enhanced GLP1 secretion. Key Words" glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1)" ginsenosides " Rb1" type 2 diabetes " ginseng total saponins (GTS)

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Ginseng pharmacology

Cited by 1,655 publications

References 58 publications

Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Learning Deficit in Mice

Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Learning Deficit in Mice

Investigation of Stability of Korean Ginseng in Herbal Drug Product

Increased glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion may be involved in antidiabetic effects of ginsenosides

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