Ginkgolide B Alleviates Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats With Vascular Dementia by Reducing Neuroinflammation via Regulating NF-κB Pathway

Abstract

Ginkgobalide B (GB) as the main active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine Ginkgo biloba extract is reported to reduce neuroinflammation, protect neurons and promote cognitive learning ability. To explore that GB can reduce neuroinflammation through regulating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and overcome cognitive dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia (VD), we aim at investigating the potential effect of GB on enhancing cognitive function in rats with VD. It was found that GB improved survival of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treated SH-SY5Y cells by attenuating inflammatory response via Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway. When rats were treated with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 24 h, saline and GB were administered in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via a single intraperitoneal injection for consecutive 14 days. The behavioral changes of VD like rats treated with GB were observed through open field test, Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze electric maze. Nissl staining and immunofluorescence were used to observe changes of neurons in the hippocampus of rats. Western blot analysis was performed by detecting NF-κB pathway related inflammatory factors. The results found that GB can significantly improve the learning and memory ability of VD rats by reducing TLR4/NF-κB mediated neuroinflammation. In conclusion, GB seemed to be a potential drug for amelioration of learning and memory impairment in rats with VD.

Nuclear localization of platelet-activating factor receptor accounts for microglial phagocytosis in ischemic stroke

“…The drugs used in the treatment of ischemic stroke include anticoagulants, de brase, anti-platelet aggregation drugs, cerebrovascular dilators, brain protective agents, and traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation. Moreover, Ginkgolide B (Ginkgo biloba extract), a natural and potent PAFR antagonist, is widely used in the treatment of brain and peripheral blood circulation disorders, including ischemic stroke 39 , acute pancreatitis 40 , cardiovascular disease 41 , and cancers 42 . Further exploration of the functions of PAFR can identify additional uses in the treatment of ischemic stroke.…”

Protective Effect of Ginkgolide B against Cognitive Impairment in Mice via Regulation of Gut Microbiota

“…d -galactose- and aluminum chloride-induced dementia model, a reliable animal model that resembles human dementia, has been widely used to screen anti-AD agents. , Aluminum chloride could induce neuronal inflammation and Aβ deposition in mice, resulting in learning and memory impairment. , In this study, we used an AD animal model induced with d -galactose and aluminum chloride to explore the effects of GB on AD. Recent studies have indicated that GB could ameliorate the learning and memory ability of vascular dementia rats . Moreover, GB could alleviate the depressive symptoms induced by myocardial infarction in mice .…”

Toll-like receptor-mediated neuroinflammation: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions

“…Vascular dementia (VaD) VaD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder [39]. Strokes can cause a progressive decrease in blood supply to the brain, triggering inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathwaydriven neural death and cognitive impairment [39].…”

“…Vascular dementia (VaD) VaD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder [39]. Strokes can cause a progressive decrease in blood supply to the brain, triggering inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathwaydriven neural death and cognitive impairment [39]. Recently, low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation was found to attenuate working memory dysfunction in VaD through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat prefrontal cortex [40].…”