Gingival crevicular fluid levels of human beta‐defensins 1 and 3 in subjects with periodontitis and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross‐sectional study

Abstract

As a result of the observed vascular and cell activity changes that occur within patients diagnosed with DM, periodontal diseases become more severe. These changes hinder the migration and the ability of chemotactic factors and leukocytes to protect periodontal tissues from the effects of microorganisms. In order to eliminate microorganisms, the epithelial cells in patients with DM may release more hBD-1 and hBD-3 into the gingival crevicular fluid. Determining the amount of hBD-1 and hBD-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with and without DM will help to elucidate the relationship among hBD-1, hBD-3, DM and periodontal disease.

Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review

“…Gingival crevicular fluid HBD‐1 levels of patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis were significantly higher than that of systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis alone . In contrast, a similar study targeting HBD‐2 levels in gingival tissue did not find significant differences between the two categories.…”

“…In contrast, a similar study targeting HBD‐2 levels in gingival tissue did not find significant differences between the two categories. HBD‐3 expression in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue have shown similar results, suggesting that type 2 DM can upregulate gingival crevicular fluid HBD‐3 expression in patients with periodontitis. Similarly, LL‐37 and adrenomedullin, a multifunctional vasopeptide, have also been noted as overexpressed in patients with diabetes with periodontitis.…”

“…A few clinic chemical cross‐sectional studies were undertaken to identify the roles of AMPs in patients diagnosed with both type 2 DM and periodontal diseases (Table ). Although these studies used different types of sample (gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluid) and targeted different AMPs, they obtained similar results indicating an overexpression of AMPs in type 2 DM with periodontitis.…”

“…Increased levels of AGEs can not only induce a thickening of the basal membrane in periodontal tissue and vascular injury, but also impart detrimental effects on endothelial cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages . The ensuing deterioration of the vascular structure and dysfunction of cells hinders chemotactic factors migration and activity, consequently impairing the ability of leukocytes to protect periodontal tissues from the effects of microorganisms . The authors proposed that this correspondingly leads to an increased periodontal pathogen burden resulting in an increased response of gingival AMP release to combat the infection and limit periodontal tissue loss but such putative protective functions of the increased AMPs remain inadequate to limit periodontal inflammation and promote proper wound healing .…”

Clinical, Microbial, and Immune Responses Observed in Patients With Diabetes After Treatment for Gingivitis: A Three‐Month Randomized Clinical Trial

“…Human β‐defensins have a strong antibacterial action against periodontal pathogens. Compared with patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes and also with periodontitis and gingivitis showed higher levels of β‐defensins 2 and 3 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 18 . Moreover, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes is associated with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in both periodontally healthy and diseased sites 19 .…”