Gill rakers in six teleost species: influence of feeding habit and body size

Almeida, Ana Paula Gottlieb; Behr, Everton Rodolfo; Baldisserotto, Bernardo

doi:10.1590/s0103-84782013005000142

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The filtering apparatus in bony fishes is composed of gill rakers which are laterally directed, bony comb‐like structures that extend from the ceratobranchials (CBs) and epibranchials (EBs; Bertmar et al, ; Lazzaro, ). Variations in gill raker morphology correlate with feeding habit, ontogeny, and filtration mechanism (Almeida et al, ; Friedland, ; Lazzaro, ; Nelson, ). Gill rakers initially develop as cartilaginous protrusions from the CB and EB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gill rakers initially develop as cartilaginous protrusions from the CB and EB. Throughout ontogeny, these structures ossify, increase in density along the branchial arches, and change in their basic morphology (Almeida et al, ). Although there are broad similarities between the morphology of many filter feeders and among juveniles and adults of the same species, specific differences in morphology of the gill rakers arise throughout ontogeny and typically correlate with diet composition (Almeida et al, ; Gibson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, many clupeiform filter feeders (sister to Ostariophysi) tend to have a single row of thin, evenly spaced, comb‐like rakers with many species possessing secondary modifications such as denticles that aid in efficient prey capture (Almeida et al, ; Lazzaro, ). Similarly, bighead carp, the sister species of silver carp, as well as the unrelated paddlefish, have elongated gill rakers that filter by means of either direct sieve or cross flow filtration (Jennings, ; Smith & Sanderson ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, many clupeiform filter feeders (sister to Ostariophysi) tend to have a single row of thin, evenly spaced, comb-like rakers with many species possessing secondary modifications such as denticles that aid in efficient prey capture (Almeida et al, 2013;Lazzaro, 1987).…”

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Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Cohen

Hernández

2018

Journal of Morphology

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Filter feeding fishes possess several morphological adaptations necessary to capture and concentrate small particulate matter from the water column. Filter feeding teleosts typically employ elongated and tightly packed gill rakers with secondary bony or epithelial modifications that increase filtering efficiency. The gill rakers of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, silver carp, are anatomically distinct from and more complex than the filtering apparatus of other teleostean fishes. The silver carp filtering apparatus is composed of biserial, fused filtering plates used to capture particles ranging in size from 4 to 80 μm. Early in ontogeny, at 15-25 mm standard length (SL), silver carp gill rakers are reminiscent of other more stereotypical teleostean rakers, characterized by individual lanceolate rakers that are tightly packed along the entirety of the branchial arches. At 30 mm SL, secondary epithelial projections and concomitant dermal ossification begin to stitch together individual gill rakers. During later juvenile stages, dermal bone further modifies the individual gill rakers and creates a bony scaffold that supports the now fully fused and porous epithelium. By adulthood, the stitching of bone and complete fusion of the overlying epithelium creates rigid filtering plates with morphologically distinct faces. The inner face of the plates is organized into a net-like matrix while the outer face has a sponge-like appearance comprised of differently sized pores. Here, we present morphological data from an ontogenetic series of the filtering apparatus within silver carp. These data inform hypotheses regarding both how these gill raker plates may have evolved from a more basal condition, as well as how this novel architecture allows this species to feed on exceedingly small phytoplankton, particles that represent a greater filtering challenge to the typical anatomy of the gill rakers of fishes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Cohen

Hernández

2018

Journal of Morphology

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“…Indeed, many studies have found that the gill rakers (GR) in filter feeders are elongated and/or studded with spines that may improve the efficiency of the particle filtration and aggregation (Sanderson, Cheer, Goodrich, Graziano, & Callan, , Friedland, , Hoogenboezem & Van Den Boogart, ). Many filter feeders within Otocephala have relatively straight, long gill arches and elongate GR (Figure a,b) that vary in accordance to diet (Almeida, Behr, & Baldisserotto, ; Berry & Barrett, ; Friedland, ; Nelson, ). Gill arches may become further modified to support secondary feeding structures such as palatal organs (in cypriniforms) or epibranchial organs (EBO) (in many otocephalans, such as Anchoa spp .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complex trophic anatomy of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, highlighting a novel type of epibranchial organ

Cohen

Hernández

2018

Journal of Morphology

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Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, silver carp, is an invasive Asian carp that has become increasingly widespread and ecologically destructive within the upper Mississippi River Basin. Its complex trophic anatomy may help explain the apparent efficiency with which they consume phytoplankton, outcompeting native filter feeders. This cypriniform species is characterized by trophic synapomorphies that include a palatal organ, loss of upper pharyngeal jaws, and a hypertrophied lower pharyngeal jaw. However, in silver carp these structures have become greatly modified and diverge from the more basal condition that characterizes species such as goldfish. The trophic apparatus of silver carp is composed of discrete structures that are functionally coupled: filtering plates, paired epibranchial organs (EBO), a modified palatal organ composed of large muscular folds that interdigitate with the filtering plates, and hypertrophied lower pharyngeal jaws and teeth. The filtering plates fill a significant portion of the buccal cavity, especially since the distal parts of these filtering plates make up a key component of the EBOs. EBOs, food aggregating structures found in many teleosts, are thought to have independently evolved at least six times. Ranging in complexity from small slits on the dorsal wall of the pharyngeal cavity to exceedingly intricate spiraling structures, EBOs are morphologically diverse among filter‐feeding fishes. Despite this morphological diversity and broad taxonomic distribution, little is known regarding the functional anatomy of the EBO. Moreover, the EBO in silver carp is distinct from the organs previously described in other species, being created by four independent pharyngeal involutions (instead of the more typical one or two) that form spiral‐shaped pharyngeal tubes surrounded by circumferential muscle. On each side of the head greatly hypertrophied hyomandibulae and opercles are connected to the anterior cartilaginous caps of the bilateral EBOs via enlarged muscles. Given that these fish are pump filter feeders we hypothesize that the opercula may compress and expand the EBOs during pumping causing food to be moved posteriorly toward the pharyngeal jaws.

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Morphological comparison of the detailed structure of gill rakers from three different feeding habits of marine fish species

Alsafy

El‐Gendy²,

El‐Bakary³

et al. 2022

Zoomorphology

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The feeding habits and habitat of different fish species influence the morphology and functions of their gill rakers. This study used gross anatomy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the morphological features of the gill rakers in Siganus luridus, Boops boops, and Pagrus pagrus. The gill rakers appeared as medial and lateral rows in all studied fishes. Except for Pagrus pagrus, which had a unique gill rakers arrangement in which the medial row of the 4th gill arch had the most gill rakers, the longest and most gill rakers were on the 1st gill arch in all studied fishes. The gill rakers of Siganus luridus were smooth, with various spine-like shapes, such as spine-like gill rakers, which were bifid or trifid spines, or duck toe-shaped gill rakers. According to SEM of the Siganus luridus' gill rakers, the trifid end gill rakers resembled caterpillars, and the duck toe-like gill rakers had three or four finger-like spines connected by inter-spine tissue. The Boops boops had long conical gill rakers with pointed ends on the lateral sides of the 1st gill arch, and the remaining rows had short gill rakers. According to SEM of the Boops boops' gill rakers, the long gill rakers were semi-conical and only had needle-like spines on the medial surface. The short gill rakers were projected as a boat and had three different shapes based on spine distributions. Gill rakers include those with a median crest and long spine laterals, those with only lateral spines, those with usually dorsal spines, and those with long wedge-shaped spines. Pagrus pagrus’ gill rakers were short, with fine-needle spines covering their tops. By SEM of the Pagrus pagrus' gill rakers, they appeared as a cylindrical elevation with spines on top. The spines were conical in shape with pointed curved or straight ends. The maximum value of the gill rakers’ lengths was discovered in the lateral row of the 1st gill arch, while the minimum value was in the medial row of the 4th gill arch. As a result, this is the first study of the three fish species' gill rakers. In the studied fishes, the morphological characteristics of gill rakers demonstrated unique structural specifications in feeding behavior.

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Gill rakers in six teleost species: influence of feeding habit and body size

Abstract: This study analyzed the structure of the gill rakers of Parapimelodus valenciennis and Parapimelodus nigribarbis (planktivorous), Serrasalmus maculatus and Hoplias malabaricus (piscivorous), Iheringichthys labrosus (benthophagous) and

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The complex trophic anatomy of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, highlighting a novel type of epibranchial organ

Morphological comparison of the detailed structure of gill rakers from three different feeding habits of marine fish species

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