Gift from statistical learning: Visual statistical learning enhances memory for sequence elements and impairs memory for items that disrupt regularities

Otsuka, Sachio; Saiki, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.11.004

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Our findings are consistent with recent results demonstrating that consistency during naming events promotes word learning [26] and with models of learning and adult behavioral data that show an advantage for attention, memory, and learning of stimuli presented within predictable sequences [10, 19–24, 35, 42]. These findings suggest that predictability can be beneficial across the developmental spectrum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…If predictable events promote sustained attention, then it is also possible that the unpredictable events disrupted attention (by disrupting the sequence), leading to weaker encoding of information. This idea is consistent with findings suggesting that adults remember visual stimuli more poorly when they violate a predictable sequence [24]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The process of generating predictions about upcoming information may activate that information in memory, which gets reinforced when the event actually occurs [24]. Additionally, being able to predict where and when something will happen next might allow young children to get to the information faster, generating better processing of rapidly incoming input [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictable Events Enhance Word Learning in Toddlers

Benitez

Saffran

2018

Current Biology

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SUMMARY Sensitivity to the predictability of the environment supports young children’s learning in many domains [1, 2], including language [3–6]; perception [7, 8]; and the processing of objects, space, and time [1, 9]. Predictable regularities allow observers to generate expectations about upcoming events and to learn from violations of those expectations [10, 11]. Given the benefits of detecting both predictable and unpredictable events, a key question concerns which types of input facilitate learning in young children. In the current research, we assessed the effects of predictability on toddlers’ word learning by embedding word-learning moments within events that were either predicted or violated predictions. 2-year-olds observed a continuous visual sequence in which novel objects were revealed from one of four locations in a predictable spatiotemporal pattern (1, 2, 3, 4). Objects were then labeled either during events that were predicted by the sequence (1, 2, 3, 4) or events that violated the sequence (1, 2, 3, 2). Results from two studies revealed better word learning for objects labeled during predictable events than objects labeled during unpredictable events. These findings suggest that predictable events create advantageous learning moments for toddlers, with implications for the role played by predictable input in early development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictable Events Enhance Word Learning in Toddlers

Benitez

Saffran

2018

Current Biology

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“…However, prior behavioral work suggests that if anything, regular streams draw greater attention than random ones. People prefer associative information (Trapp, Shenhav, Bitzer, & Bar, 2015), in the temporal domain attention is biased towards regularities (Zhao, AlAidroos, & Turk-Browne, 2013), and visual statistical learning enhances (rather than detracts from) memory for elements in regular sequences (Otsuka & Saiki, 2016). Thus, prior work would suggest that that regular (though not deterministic) series of the sort used here are not typically associated with greater disengagement.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Predictability of what or where reduces brain activity, but a bottleneck occurs when both are predictable

Davis

Hasson

2018

NeuroImage

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Detecting regularities in the sensory environment licenses predictions that enable adaptive behaviour. However, it is unclear whether predictions about object category, location, or both dimensions are mediated by overlapping systems, and relatedly, whether constructing predictions about both category and location is associated with processing bottlenecks. To examine this issue, in an fMRI study, we presented participants with image-series in which non-deterministic transition probabilities enabled predictions about either the location of the next image, its semantic category, both dimensions, or neither (the latter forming a "no-regularity" random baseline condition). Speaking to a common system, all three predictable conditions resulted in reduced BOLD activity in four clusters: left rostral anterior cingulate cortex; bilateral putamen, caudate and thalamus; right precentral gyrus, and left visual cortex. Pointing to a processing bottleneck, in some regions, a significant interaction between the two factors was found whereby category-predictable series were associated with lower activity -but only when location regularity was absent. Finally, category regularity decreased activation in areas of the ventral visual stream and semantic areas of lateral temporal cortex, and location regularity decreased activation in a dorsal fronto-parietal cluster, long implicated in the endogenous control of spatial attention. Our findings confirm and expand a role for dACC/dmPFC and striatum in monitoring or responding to uncertainty in the environment and point to a limited capacity bottleneck when multiple predictions are concurrently licensed.

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“…They could also reflect attentional or memory processes that are more strongly expressed when input series contain strong associations. For instance, Zhao, Al-Aidroos, and Turk-Browne (2013) demonstrated that attention is drawn to regular, task-irrelevant shape streams, and Otsuka and Saiki (2016) have shown that items presented in regular series are better remembered than those presented within random series.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and semantic regularities produce interactive effects in early stages of visual orientation

Notaro

Hasson

2019

Preprint

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6Learning environmental regularities allows predicting multiple dimensions of future events such as their location and semantic features. However, few studies have examined how multi-dimensional predictions are implemented, and mechanistic accounts are absent. Using eye tracking study, we evaluated whether predictions of object-location and object-category interact during the earliest stages of orientation. We presented stochastic series so that across four conditions, participants could predict either the location of the next image, its semantic category, both dimensions, or neither. Participants observed images in absence of any task. We modeled saccade latencies using ELATER, a rise-to-threshold model that accounts for accumulation rate (AR), variance of AR over trials, and decision threshold. The main findings were: 1) accumulation-rate scaled with the degree of surprise associated with location of target-presentation (confirmatory result); 2) predictability of semantic-category hindered latencies, but only when images were presented at a surprising location, suggesting a bottleneck in implementing joint predictions; 3) saccades to images that satisfied semantic expectations were associated with larger variance of accumulationrate than saccades to semantically-surprising images, consistent with a richer repertoire of early evaluative processes for semantically-expected images. Joint impacts of location and target-identity regularity were also identified in analyses of anticipatory fixation offsets. The results indicate a strong interaction between the processing of regularities in object location and identity during stimulus-guided saccades, and suggest these regularities also impact anticipatory, non-stimulus-guided processes. 7

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Gift from statistical learning: Visual statistical learning enhances memory for sequence elements and impairs memory for items that disrupt regularities

Cited by 19 publications

References 38 publications

Predictable Events Enhance Word Learning in Toddlers

Predictable Events Enhance Word Learning in Toddlers

Predictability of what or where reduces brain activity, but a bottleneck occurs when both are predictable

Spatial and semantic regularities produce interactive effects in early stages of visual orientation

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