“…Ray et al (2005) integrated three different pricing schemes for a durable, remanufacturable good and found the optimal trade-in rebate and pricing. Following the work of Ray et al (2005), a number of researchers further investigated relevant issues with regard to the optimal pricing and trade-in strategies, such as trade-ins are regarded as a price-discrimination policy when considering certified pre-owned options (Chen & Hsu, 2017), pricing strategy of trade-ins and leasing with technology innovations (Li & Xu, 2015), optimal pricing and purchasing decisions with trade-in options for two successivegeneration products (Yin & Tang, 2014;Yin, Li, & Tang, 2015), optimal pricing and trade-in rebates considering strategic consumers (Van Ackere & Reyniers, 1995;Hu et al, 2019;Liu, Zhai, & Chen, 2019), trade-in strategy considering remanufactured products (Han, Yang, Shang, & Pu, 2017;, remanufacturing with trade-ins considering government policy or carbon regulations (Miao, Mao, Fu, & Wang, 2018), optimal pricing decisions when trade-old-for-new and trade-old-for-remanufactured programs are offered simultaneously (Ma, Zhou, Dai, & Sheu, 2017), and the hybrid trade-in strategy with both trade-in for new and trade-in for cash options (Cao, Han, Xu, & Wang, 2020;Xiao & Zhou, 2020). These studies provide instruction for monopolistic firms on how to implement trade-in strategies optimally under different circumstances.…”