Giardia—From Genome to Proteome

Thompson, R.C.A.; Monis, Paul

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394303-3.00003-7

Cited by 102 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 191 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Monis and coworkers have suggested using G. duodenalis for assemblage A and renaming assemblage B Giardia enterica. Assemblages C and D are found mainly in canids and have been referred to as Giardia canis; assemblage E, found in livestock, has been referred to as G. bovis; assemblage F, found in cats, has been referred to as G. cati, and assemblage G, found in rodents, has been referred to as G. simondi, but for assemblage H in marine vertebrates, no species name has yet been proposed (88,89,(92)(93)(94)(95). The zoonotic potential of both assemblages A and B is evident when studied at the levels of assemblages and subassemblages and even at each single locus.…”

Section: Giardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. DNA samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. A variety of technologies have been applied, and some specific and general pitfalls and limitations have been identified. This review provides an overview of the multitude of methods that have been reported for the detection of intestinal parasites and offers some guidance in applying these methods in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiological studies.

show abstract

Section: Giardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan parasite that lives in the duodenum and upper jejunum of humans and other vertebrates and can cause gastroenteritis [1,2]. The annual incidence of human giardiasis is estimated to be about 280 million cases worldwide [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

G. lamblia and H. pylori infections among mentally challenged individuals in rehabilitation centers in Alexandria, Egypt

Hassanein

Shehata

Abdul‐Ghani

2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Concomitant infections with pathogens are common, particularly when there are shared modes of infection or when one pathogen promotes the other. Residence among closed-type care institutions may pose an additional risk of such infections. Mentally challenged patients in rehabilitation centers constitute one of the special needs groups exposed to parasitic infections, including giardiasis. Several studies reported concomitant infection with G. lamblia and H. pylori worldwide and in Egypt; however, the co-existence of these two pathogens among mentally challenged individuals remains unexplored. The present study aimed to study the prevalence and association between G. lamblia and H. pylori among mentally challenged patients in rehabilitation centers in Alexandria, Egypt. Methodology: 200 individuals admitted to four mental rehabilitation centers in the period from June 2013 to January 2014, who guardians gave informed consent, were recruited. Stool samples were collected and subjected to trichrome stain for G. lamblia and to antigen detection for H. pylori. Results: The overall prevalence rates of G. lamblia and H. pylori were 8.5% and 24.0%, respectively. Monoinfection rates were 5.5% for G. lamblia and 21.0% for H. pylori, while concomitant infection with both species was detected in only 3.0% of cases. However, individuals who were H. pylori-positive were about two times more likely to be infected with G. lamblia than those who were H. pylori-negative (12.5% vs. 7.2%). Conclusions: Mentally challenged individuals in Alexandria harbouring H. pylori are about two times more likely to be exposed to G. lamblia. Large-scale studies are recommended to confirm this association.

show abstract

“…1) (13)(14)(15). Each of Giardia, Entamoeba, and Cryptosporidium has a single walled form, which is infectious and diagnostic.…”

Section: First Strategy: Assume That At Least Some Of the Important Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies To Discover the Structural Components of Cyst and Oocyst Walls

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

bCysts of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica and oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are the infectious and sometimes diagnostic forms of these parasites. To discover the structural components of cyst and oocyst walls, we have developed strategies based upon a few simple assumptions. Briefly, the most abundant wall proteins are identified by monoclonal antibodies or mass spectrometry. Structural components include a sugar polysaccharide (chitin for Entamoeba, ␤-1,3-linked glucose for Toxoplasma, and ␤-1,3-linked GalNAc for Giardia) and/or acid-fast lipids (Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium). Because Entamoeba cysts and Toxoplasma oocysts are difficult to obtain, studies of walls of nonhuman pathogens (E. invadens and Eimeria, respectively) accelerate discovery. Biochemical methods to dissect fungal walls work well for cyst and oocyst walls, although the results are often unexpected. For example, echinocandins, which inhibit glucan synthases and kill fungi, arrest the development of oocyst walls and block their release into the intestinal lumen. Candida walls are coated with mannans, while Entamoeba cysts are coated in a dextran-like glucose polymer. Models for cyst and oocyst walls derive from their structural components and organization within the wall. Cyst walls are composed of chitin fibrils and lectins that bind chitin (Entamoeba) or fibrils of the ␤-1,3-GalNAc polymer and lectins that bind the polymer (Giardia). Oocyst walls of Toxoplasma have two distinct layers that resemble those of fungi (␤-1,3-glucan in the inner layer) or mycobacteria (acid-fast lipids in the outer layer). Oocyst walls of Cryptosporidium have a rigid bilayer of acid-fast lipids and inner layer of oocyst wall proteins. Acid-fast lipids, Fibrils of beta-glucan, Dityrosine glows.-Anonymous, Haiku of the oocyst wall I n this minireview, we discuss strategies that have worked well to discover structural components of protist walls that allow them to travel by the fecal-oral route from one person to the next (1-5). Proteins and sugars are the major components of cyst walls of Entamoeba and Giardia, which cause amebic dysentery and diarrhea, respectively (6-8). In addition to proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are important structural components of oocyst walls of Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma, which cause diarrhea and disseminated infections, respectively (9-11).To characterize the structural components of walls of so many different organisms, we have had to focus on what is likely to matter most. Many of these wall-oriented strategies are based upon a set of assumptions that may not be obvious to investigators working on stages of the parasites that are motile and dividing (12). Therefore, we review here the strategies and assumptions most useful to determine the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid compositions of cyst and oocyst walls. The compositions of these cyst and oocyst walls are then used to make simple, if incomplete, models for their structure and assembly.

show abstract

Giardia—From Genome to Proteome

Cited by 102 publications

References 191 publications

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

G. lamblia and H. pylori infections among mentally challenged individuals in rehabilitation centers in Alexandria, Egypt

Strategies To Discover the Structural Components of Cyst and Oocyst Walls

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About