Ghrelin receptors in rat and human nodose ganglia: putative role in regulating CB-1 and MCH receptor abundance

Burdyga, Galina; Varró, Andrea; Dimaline, R.; Thompson, David G.; Dockray, Graham J.

doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00543.2005

Cited by 161 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…38 Importantly, ghrelin reverses the negative control on CB 1 expression by CCK in the nodose ganglion. 39 These data indicate that, as seen in the hypothalamus and NAcS, EC tone changes in the brainstem during the different phases of eating, the highest being after food deprivation and the lowest during food consumption, an effect that is possibly because of the opposing regulatory effects of CCK and ghrelin.…”

Section: Brief Introduction To the Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 79%

The endocannabinoid system as a link between homoeostatic and hedonic pathways involved in energy balance regulation

2009

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) and, in particular, cannabinoid CB 1 receptors, their endogenous agonists (the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and enzymes for the biosynthesis and degradation of the latter mediators are emerging as key players in the control of all aspects of food intake and energy balance. The ECS is involved in stimulating both the homoeostatic (that is, the sensing of deficient energy balance and gastrointestinal load) and the hedonic (that is, the sensing of the salience and the incentive/motivational value of nutrients) aspects of food intake. The orexigenic effects of endocannabinoids are exerted in the brain by CB 1 -mediated stimulatory and inhibitory effects on hypothalamic orexigenic and anorectic neuropeptides, respectively; by facilitatory actions on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell; and by regulating the activity of sensory and vagal fibres in brainstem-duodenum neural connections. In turn, the levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol and/or CB 1 receptors in the brain are under the control of leptin, ghrelin and glucocorticoids in the hypothalamus, under that of dopamine in the limbic forebrain and under that of cholecystokinin and ghrelin in the brainstem. These bi-directional communications between the ECS and other key players in energy balance ensure local mediators such as the endocannabinoids to act in a way coordinated in both 'space' and 'time' to enhance food intake, particularly after a few hours of food deprivation. Alterations of such communications are, however, also among the underlying causes of overactivity of the ECS in hyperphagia and obesity, a phenomenon that provided the rationale for the development of anti-obesity drugs from CB 1 receptor antagonists.

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Section: Brief Introduction To the Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 79%

The endocannabinoid system as a link between homoeostatic and hedonic pathways involved in energy balance regulation

2009

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“…Ghrelin's appetite-stimulating effect was abolished in rats with subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and in rats with capsaicin-induced vagal deafferentation (Date et al, 2002). Ghrelin receptor is expressed by a subset of vagal afferent neurons in the nodose ganglia and appears to regulate expression of other peptide receptors in vagal afferents (Date et al, 2002;Burdyga et al, 2006). Furthermore, ghrelin does not stimulate food intake in patients with surgical procedures involving vagotomy (le Roux et al, 2005).…”

Section: Stomach: Stretch Tension Leptin and Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The vagus nerve, food intake and obesity

Berthoud

2008

Regulatory Peptides

264

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Food interacts with sensors all along the alimentary canal to provide the brain with information regarding its composition, energy content, and beneficial effect. Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver provide a rapid and discrete account of digestible food in the alimentary canal, as well as circulating and stored fuels, while vagal efferents together with the sympathetic nervous system and hormonal mechanisms codetermine the rate of nutrient absorption, partitioning, storage, and mobilization. Although vagal sensory mechanisms play a crucial role in the neural mechanism of satiation, there is little evidence suggesting a significant role in long-term energy homeostasis. However, increasing recognition of vagal involvement in the putative mechanisms making bariatric surgeries the most effective treatment for obesity should greatly stimulate future research to uncover the many details regarding the specific transduction mechanisms in the periphery and the inter-and intra-neuronal signaling cascades disseminating vagal information across the neuraxis.

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“…GHS-Rs are widely distributed in the brain and GHS-R mRNA has been localized to the nodose ganglion, the site of vagal afferent cell bodies. 6 Ghrelin-producing neurons have also been identified in the brain, including hypothalamic sites. Recent work has clearly shown that vagal afferent fibers are not necessary for the stimulation of food intake.…”

Section: Meal Initiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut peptides in the control of food intake

Moran

2009

Int J Obes

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Multiple gut peptides are involved in the overall control of food intake. Plasma levels of gut peptides are differentially affected by food intake, and the different patterns of release around meals provides an indication of a peptide's specific role in feeding control. Ghrelin is a gastric peptide whose plasma levels are high before meals and are suppressed in response to food intake. Consistent with this pattern, ghrelin has been shown to stimulate food intake by hastening meal initiations. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from upper intestinal sites in response to food intake. CCK inhibits eating in a manner consistent with a role in satiety. Pancreatic glucagon and amylin play similar roles in meal termination. In contrast, the lower gut peptides, peptide YY (3-36) and glucagon-like peptide 1, are released more slowly in response to food intake and levels remain elevated for hours after a meal. This pattern of release suggests effects across multiple meals, and these peptides have been shown to inhibit food intake by both decreasing meal size and increasing the satiating potency of consumed nutrients. Together, these actions indicate multiple roles for gut peptides in feeding control.

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Ghrelin receptors in rat and human nodose ganglia: putative role in regulating CB-1 and MCH receptor abundance

Cited by 161 publications

References 35 publications

The endocannabinoid system as a link between homoeostatic and hedonic pathways involved in energy balance regulation

The endocannabinoid system as a link between homoeostatic and hedonic pathways involved in energy balance regulation

The vagus nerve, food intake and obesity

Gut peptides in the control of food intake

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