Ghrelin and cholecystokinin in term and preterm human breast milk

Kierson, Jennifer A; DiMatteo, Darlise; Locke, Robert; Mackley, Amy; Spear, Michael L.

doi:10.1080/08035250600669769

Cited by 79 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…We confirmed the presence of ghrelin in breast milk, detected at lower levels than those reported by Aydin et al [10] and Kierson et al [20], who found a wider range of ghrelin concentration (from about 70 to 6,000 pg/ml) compared to our study. We observed significantly higher serum ghrelin levels in formula-fed compared to breastfed infants, confirming the results of studies previously carried out in our department, in which we showed that artificial milk contains ghrelin and that its concentration is higher in infant formulas than in human milk.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 34%

Ghrelin and Obestatin in Infants, Lactating Mothers and Breast Milk

Savino¹,

Benetti²,

Lupica³

et al. 2012

Horm Res Paediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim: To investigate the role of ghrelin and obestatin in infancy. Methods: We measured ghrelin and obestatin concentrations in blood samples of infants, lactating mothers, and in breast milk. Results: The median (interquartile range) serum ghrelin concentrations were 922.11 (868.44) pg/ml in infants, 667.88 (942.78) pg/ml in lactating mothers, and 526.4 (439.86) pg/ml in breast milk. The serum obestatin levels were 844.87 (805.14) pg/ml in infants, 759.105 (855.55) pg/ml in lactating mothers, and 846.6 (472.07) pg/ml in breast milk. A positive correlation was found for serum ghrelin concentrations in breastfed infants and lactating mothers (p < 0.001, r = 0.789), serum ghrelin concentrations in breastfed infants and in breast milk (p < 0.001, r = 0.581), serum ghrelin concentrations in lactating mothers and in breast milk (p = 0.021, r = 0.450), and serum obestatin concentrations in breastfed infants and in lactating mothers (p = 0.047, r = 0.609). Conclusion: We report for the first time the serum obestatin concentrations in infants and confirm the presence of correlations between ghrelin and obestatin in lactating mothers and breast milk. The correlations found early in infants’ life, when hormones begin to exert their effects on feeding behavior, suggest that they may be involved in these processes.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 34%

Ghrelin and Obestatin in Infants, Lactating Mothers and Breast Milk

Savino¹,

Benetti²,

Lupica³

et al. 2012

Horm Res Paediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ghrelin has been detected in both term and preterm human BM with similar concentrations and higher than those typically found in plasma; moreover it has been observed that its levels are higher in whole milk than in skimmed milk [61]. Ghrelin concentration has been evaluated in colostrum (70.3 ± 18 pg/ml), transitional milk (83.8 ± 18 pg/ml) and mature milk (97.3 ± 13 pg/ml), showing lower levels than those typically found in plasma [62].…”

Section: Ghrelin In Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 83%

Ghrelin and feeding behaviour in preterm infants

Savino¹,

Lupica²,

Liguori³

et al. 2012

Early Human Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Available online xxxx Keywords: Ghrelin Feeding behaviour Preterm infantThe importance of early life events in the development of metabolic diseases is well recognized. Early postnatal environment, including nutrition, is key to future health, and this is particularly true for preterm infants. It is important that these infants receive sufficient nutrients to prevent growth restriction and promote neurodevelopment, while minimizing predisposition to metabolic diseases later in life. Feeding habits are the fundamental elements of nutrition and are influenced by many factors, including personal and familial habits, socioeconomic status, and cultural environment. In the last decades, there has been an important scientific interest toward the comprehension of the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating appetite. In these networks, act many peptide hormones produced in brain or gut, among which ghrelin is important because of its action in the short-term regulation of food intake and the long-term regulation of body weight. Ghrelin stimulates appetite and plays a role in regulating feeding behaviour. Ghrelin levels vary from fetal life through to early adulthood, with the highest levels observed in the very early years. Cord ghrelin levels have been evaluated in term and preterm newborns and high ghrelin levels have been observed in smallfor-gestational age newborns and in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction. Moreover, ghrelin has been detected in term and preterm human breast milk, suggesting that it may play a role in the development of neuroendocrine pathways regulating appetite and energy homeostasis in early life. However, more research is required to better define ghrelin's role in breast milk and on feeding behaviour.

show abstract

“…One possibility is therefore that the high fat content of the milk suppresses ghrelin. Another possibility is that ghrelin is present in rat milk, as reported for human milk (Aydin et al 2006, Kierson et al 2006, and acts to suppress the endogenous ghrelin expression. Further studies are warranted to elucidate these mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric ghrelin cell development is hampered and plasma ghrelin is reduced by delayed weaning in rats

Fåk

Friis‐Hansen

Weström

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The duration of breastfeeding has attracted much interest, as a prolonged period of breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of developing obesity. The mechanism behind the reduced risk is, however, poorly understood. The novel hormone ghrelin augments appetite, promotes body weight increase and increases adiposity. The majority of circulating ghrelin emanates from endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. In newborn humans and rodents, the number of ghrelin cells is low after birth until weaning, when the cell population is greatly expanded. To date, information about the influence of weaning perturbations on ghrelin cell development is scarce. Therefore, we studied the effect of delayed weaning on gastric ghrelin expression and plasma ghrelin concentration. To this end, special food separator cages were used to prevent the pups from eating solid food, forcing them to drink milk up to 21 days of age. Gastric ghrelin expression was examined by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation, and plasma concentrations were assessed by RIA. Our data showed that gastric ghrelin expression and plasma ghrelin concentration are maintained at a lower level by delayed weaning. We also found that the relation between gastric ghrelin expression and body weight was altered by delayed weaning. Thus, control rats displayed a positive correlation between ghrelin expression and body weight, while no such correlation was evident in animals with delayed weaning. We conclude that delayed weaning exerts a negative influence on ghrelin expression, and that the onset of solid food intake may trigger normal ghrelin expression. Therefore, we suggest that ghrelin may constitute a hormonal link between the duration of breastfeeding and body weight development.

show abstract

Ghrelin and cholecystokinin in term and preterm human breast milk

Abstract: Ghrelin, but not CCK, is present in breast milk. Since the mammary gland produces ghrelin message, and ghrelin levels in breast milk are higher than those found in plasma, we conclude that ghrelin is produced and secreted by the breast.

Cited by 79 publications

References 24 publications

Ghrelin and Obestatin in Infants, Lactating Mothers and Breast Milk

Ghrelin and Obestatin in Infants, Lactating Mothers and Breast Milk

Ghrelin and feeding behaviour in preterm infants

Gastric ghrelin cell development is hampered and plasma ghrelin is reduced by delayed weaning in rats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About