Getting them to forgive and forget: cognitive based marketing responses to terrorist acts

Taylor, Peter A.

doi:10.1002/jtr.570

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…An examination of the existing literature on marketing places that have experienced sudden crises yields several publications that primarily contain tips for marketers (Al-Hamarneh & Steiner, 2004;Sonmez, Apostolopoulos, & Tarlow, 1999;Taylor, 2006). The current literature makes very little use of models, conceptual frameworks or the theoretical knowledge from the field of crises communication and image restoration.…”

Section: Media Strategies For Image Restorationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings

2015

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Section: Media Strategies For Image Restorationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings

2015

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“…Given the already high complexity of the tourist decision making process, a high risk perception associated to an event that should be pleasant is, in fact, problematic (Taylor, 2006). It is also clear that risk perceptions are highly subjective in nature and frequently do not reflect real risk.…”

Section: Conclusion Discussion and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, Taylor (2006) and Sönmez (1998) cite a seminal work by Karber (1971) who states that terrorism is a symbolic act that can be analyzed as any other communication medium. This definition is based on four basic communication process components: sender (terrorist), message intention (terrorist target), message (terrorist act) and feedback (reactions to the attack) (Karber, 1971in Sönmez, 1998.…”

Section: Attention To/ Interest In Terrorism On the Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

TerrorScale: A Scale to Measure the Contact of International Tourists with Terrorism

Seabra

Abrantes²,

Kastenholz³

2012

J Tourism Res Hospitality

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Terrorism is unfortunately part of our lives and will not simply disappear. Accepting its presence, the management and prevention of its negative consequences is a key issue. This is imperative not only for countries where terrorist attacks occur, but also for countries that may be affected indirectly. It is necessary to further consider this issue and create more effective instruments for crisis management, ideally based on cooperative solutions among industry, government agencies and tourism-related academic institutions (Sönmez, 1998). Although research on terrorism has been undertaken in the tourism domain, the specific concept of tourists' contact with terrorism has never been operationalized. In this paper we develop a scale that measures the contact of tourists with terrorism. Insights from an empirical study of 600 international tourists indicate that this multi-dimensional scale incorporates three types of contact: 1) Direct, 2) Indirect and 3) Attention to/ Interest in Terrorism on the Media. Discussion centers on implications of this scale for theory development and in the context of strategic destination crisis management decisions . Directions for future research are also presented.

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“…Lee et al (2012: 76) highlight the 'tacit moral opposition' between dark tourism and 'light' tourism, with their negative and positive conations in terms of the motivations and values of the experiences involved, explaining how it possible, for example, for the relatives of the bereaved to visit sites of disaster to remember loved ones, or for non-dark tourists to admire architecturally significant buildings associated with dissonant heritage (Lemelin et al 2013), without enjoying places of tragedy and death in a vicarious manner. Taylor (2006) examines tourism marketing in destinations that have recently suffered terrorist attacks and shows how DMOs can promote tourism in the wake of an atrocity through marketing campaigns which aim to support local visitor economies, leading to tourism that is associated with 'dark' sites, but which is not easily categorised as dark tourism when it does not involved 'dark' motivations.…”

Section: Dark Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark cities: a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities, based on the analysis of DMO websites

Powell

Kennell

Barton

2018

IJTC

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Dark tourism is a topic of increasing interest, but it is poorly understood when considering its significance for mainstream and commercial tourism. This paper investigates the significance of dark tourism in the top ten most visited European tourist cities and proposes a dark tourism index for Europe's tourism cities. MethodologyData was collected from the websites of the cities' Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) using a content analysis methodology, based on keywords related to dark tourism taken from the research literature in this area. Descriptive statistics were produced and the variance between the frequencies of keywords related to each city was analysed for statistical significance. These results were then used to construct a darkness ranking of the cities. FindingsThere are significant differences in the extent to which dark tourism products and services are promoted by the DMOs of Europe's top ten most visited European cities. The ranking of cities by darkness does not correspond to the ranking by visitor numbers, and further qualitative analysis suggests that that the ranking is also independent of the actual presence of dark sites within the destination. This implies that European city DMOs are engaging with the emerging dark tourism market with to varying degrees. Research LimitationsThe purposive sample of ten cities can be extended in future research to increase the validity of the findings of this paper. A further limitation is the selection of keywords for content analysis, which have been developed following the literature review contained below. Future research could develop an extended list of keywords using a systematic review process. Research ValueThis paper shows that it is possible to create a ranking of tourist cities in terms of their darkness, and that this methodology could be extended to a much larger sample size. This links dark tourism research to the urban tourism literature and also offers possibilities for creating a global ranking that could be used by destinations to judge their success in engaging with the dark tourism market, as well as by tour operators seeking to develop products for the same market. Key WordsDark tourism, cities, Europe, content analysis, urban tourism IntroductionThe academic study of dark tourism gathered momentum in the early twenty-first century (Stone 2013), and is reflecting the growing interest of the citizens of postmodern societies in the sites of death and disasters -an interest that needs deeper research to be understood fully.It also reflects the increased sensitivity of the international community to the significance of such events for nations, national identities and the direction of their history. Dark tourism sites offer the opportunity to capture and conserve the "dark" memory of humanity and make it available, through domestic and international tourism, to the wider public. It should also be noted that vicarious thrill seeking and entertainment motivations are also significant factors that have affected the recent growth of t...

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Getting them to forgive and forget: cognitive based marketing responses to terrorist acts

Cited by 36 publications

References 49 publications

Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings

Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings

TerrorScale: A Scale to Measure the Contact of International Tourists with Terrorism

Dark cities: a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities, based on the analysis of DMO websites

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