“…Quality programmes, which emphasize zero defects, process improvement, statistical process control and continuous process improvement, have been linked to cost reduction (De Ron 1998, Lederer and Rhee 1995, Tham 1988). Second, design-based programmes that encompass initiatives such as design for manufacturability, modularity, product redesign, concurrent engineering and standardization have also been associated with cost reduction (Koulamas 1992, Tummala et al 1997, Koufterous et al 2001, Coughlan and Wood 1992, Port 1989. Finally, in the area of upstream supply chain management, it is well established that JIT purchasing (Handfield 1995, Ansari andHeckel 1987), supplier partnering (Ellram 1991, Mohr andSpekman 1994), and supplier development (Hartley and Choi 1996) can aid in cost reduction.…”