Get insight into the cause of death distribution and epidemiology of penile squamous cell carcinoma: A population‐based study

Abstract

Background Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) survival had no significant improvement since 1990 in the United States. This study aims to get insight into the changing trend and distribution of death causes of PSCC. The epidemiology of PSCC is also investigated. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) (1992–2018) database is utilized to get patients diagnosed with penile squamous cell carcinoma. The trend of incidence, distribution of age, changing trend and distribution of death cause, and survival outcome are analyzed for all PSCC patients and each race. Results Three thousand four hundred and twenty‐three male patients with PSCC are enrolled in our study. The age‐adjusted incidence rate of the white has a slight increase (Annual percent change [APC] = 0.647%). American Indian/Alaska Native men have the highest average annual incidence, while Asian /Pacific Islander men have the lowest. PSCC patients aged 70–80 are the most common, and patients over 80 years have the highest 3‐year (50%) and 5‐year (63.93%) mortality rate. Non‐cancer disease, especially circulatory system disease, is the most common cause of death, whereas the proportion of patients who died of PSCC significantly increased from 21.17% (1992–2001) to 41.3% (2012–2017) in PSCC patients (p < 0.001). These results have not changed significantly when we only focus on primary PSCC without previous malignant tumors. Hispanics are shown better overall survival than non‐Hispanic White and non‐ Hispanic Black men. (p < 0.001) No statistical differences in cancer‐specific survival are observed (p = 0.15). Conclusion The current study provides essential initial data regarding the presentation and clinical outcomes of PSCC patients. Notably, non‐cancer disease, especially circulatory system disease, is the more common cause of death than PSCC. However, the proportion of patients who died of penile squamous cell carcinoma has a relatively significant increase in recent years. The increasing trends in the advanced stage of PSCC patients might account for this change.

Risk factors for distant metastasis and prognosis of the penile cancer with distant metastasis

“…Recent studies have identified cardiovascular diseases as the primary non-cancerous cause of mortality in PC patients. As patients’ age grows, the occurrences of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, cardiac disorders, and hypertension, increase the risk of mortality ( 1 , 20 ). Notably, our findings identified tumor grade as a significant risk factor for CSS rather than OS.…”

“…Penile cancer (PC), primarily penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), is a rare malignancy that can be classified based on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and inflammation-related etiology ( 1 , 2 ). A substantial proportion of cases are associated with HPV infection.…”

Surgical Intervention in Patients with Penile Neoplasm at a University Hospital before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Penile cancer (PC) can have worse sexual or oncological outcomes with the prolonged postponement of surgery (7,8,9). This is an important point with regards to surgical approaches in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially when considering the recent relatively increase of the proportion of patients who died of PC (mainly the squamous cell carcinoma) (10) and the potential diagnostic delay in the face of safety measures (11) , associated with some later recommendations for surgery during the period (invasive or obstructive cancers) (12). Ian Janes et al ( 13) even points to the potential delay in this type of diagnosis in the face of telemedicine and the lack of physical examination during the pandemic (13).…”