Gestalt grouping and common onset masking

Kahan, Todd A.; Mathis, Katherine M.

doi:10.3758/bf03194769

Cited by 22 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The fact that in Experiment 1 the mask appeared to interfere with the processing of the whole object supports the notion that in these conditions, substitution occurs due to processes at the object level and not, as has been found under different stimulus arrangements (e.g., Gellatly et al, 2006), at the featural level. This finding is surprising in that in contrasts with the phenomenon of object trimming whereby a two-dot mask presented on one side of a stimulus interferes with the processing of object features on that side of the object when it trails the target (Kahan & Enns, 2010;Kahan & Mathis, 2002). It is as if the contour connecting the two dots simply occludes nearby feature information, completely altering the appearance of the object.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…It is as if the contour connecting the two dots simply occludes nearby feature information, completely altering the appearance of the object. One key difference between the studies reported here and the object-trimming studies is that those reported here used 4DMs and not two-dot masks, as in most of the experiments of Kahan and colleagues (Kahan & Enns, 2010;Kahan & Mathis, 2002). Indeed, in Experiment 2 of Kahan and Enns, masking by two dots was reduced by the addition of a curved bar on the far side of the two dots from the target.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Support for the notion that the notional surface of a 4DM is a relevant factor in OSM is found in the phenomenon of object trimming (Kahan & Enns, 2010;Kahan & Mathis, 2002). This is a phenomenon produced in OSM in which two dots arranged vertically and appearing at the side of a stimulus alter the percept resulting from that stimulus when these dots linger after the stimulus' offset.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…This is a phenomenon produced in OSM in which two dots arranged vertically and appearing at the side of a stimulus alter the percept resulting from that stimulus when these dots linger after the stimulus' offset. For example, when the dots of a two-dot trailing mask are presented above and below and to the left of a black diamond, the result is a percept in which the black diamond appears to have its left corner missing (Kahan & Mathis, 2002). The illusory surface, or contour, connecting the two dots, seems selectively to interfere with the processing of the portion of the stimulus that it flanks, resulting in an altered percept (Kahan & Enns, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because OSM is a difference in performance between two conditions, in both of which the mask and target onset simultaneously, it cannot be attributed to the mask's interrupting early processing of the target (Turvey, 1973), since this must occur equally for the two conditions. Neither can OSM result from lateral inhibition processes in early vision, such as in metacontrast masking; unlike metacontrast masking, OSM is not influenced by distance between the adjacent contours of target and mask (Enns & Di Lollo, 1997), is completely eliminated when attention is focused on the target (Enns, 2004) as long as executive attention is not limited (Dux, Visser, Goodhew & Lipp, 2010), and is present when target and mask onset simultaneously (Bernstein, Proctor, Belcher, & Schurman, 1973Boyer & Ro, 2007;Enns & DiLollo, 1997;Kahan & Mathis, 2002;Kahneman, 1968). Di proposed that OSM is the result of an interaction between forward and backward projections of information through the visual system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of spatial competition between object-level representations of target and mask on object substitution masking

Guest

Gellatly

Pilling

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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One of the processes determining object substitution masking (OSM) is thought to be the spatial competition between independent object file representations of the target and mask (e.g., Kahan & Lichtman, 2006). In a series of experiments, we further examined how OSM is influenced by this spatial competition by manipulating the overlap between the surfaces created by the modal completion of the target (an outline square with a gap in one of its sides) and the mask (a four-dot mask). The results of these experiments demonstrate that increasing the spatial overlap between the surfaces of the target and mask increases OSM. Importantly, this effect is not caused by the mask interfering with the processing of the target features it overlaps. Overall, the data indicate, consistent with Kahan and Lichtman, that OSM can arise through competition between independent target and mask representations.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of spatial competition between object-level representations of target and mask on object substitution masking

Guest

Gellatly

Pilling

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Endogenous cueing attenuates object substitution masking

Germeys

Pomianowska

Graef

et al. 2009

Psychological Research

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Object substitution masking (OSM) is a form of visual masking in which a briefly presented target surrounded by four small dots is masked by the continuing presence of the four dots after target offset. A major parameter in the prediction of OSM is the time required for attention to be directed to the target following its onset. Object substitution theory (Di Lollo et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 129:481-507, 2000) predicts that the sooner attention can be focused at the target's location, the less masking will ensue. However, recently Luiga and Bachmann (Psychol Res 71:634-640, 2007) presented evidence that precueing of attention to the target location prior to target-plus-mask onset by means of a central (endogenous) arrow cue does not reduce OSM. When attention was cued exogenously, OSM was attenuated. Based on these results, Luiga and Bachmann argued that object substitution theory should be adapted by differentiating the ways of directing attention to the target location. The goal of the present study was to further examine the dissociation between the effects of endogenous and exogenous precueing on OSM. Contrary to Luiga and Bachmann, our results show that prior shifts of attention to the target location initiated by both exogenous and endogenous cues reduce OSM as predicted by object substitution theory and its computational model CMOS.

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No Evidence for an Effect of the Smell of Hexanal on Trust in Human–Robot Interaction

Croijmans

Erp

Bakker

et al. 2022

Int J of Soc Robotics

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The level of interpersonal trust among people is partially determined through the sense of smell. Hexanal, a molecule which smell resembles freshly cut grass, can increase trust in people. Here, we ask the question if smell can be leveraged to facilitate human–robot interaction and test whether hexanal also increases the level of trust during collaboration with a social robot. In a preregistered double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we tested if trial-by-trial and general trust during perceptual decision making in collaboration with a social robot is affected by hexanal across two samples (n = 46 and n = 44). It was hypothesized that unmasked hexanal and hexanal masked by eugenol, a molecule with a smell resembling clove, would increase the level of trust in human–robot interaction, compared to eugenol alone or a control condition consisting of only the neutral smelling solvent propylene glycol. Contrasting previous findings in human interaction, no significant effect of unmasked or eugenol-masked hexanal on trust in robots was observed. These findings indicate that the conscious or nonconscious impact of smell on trust might not generalise to interactions with social robots. One explanation could be category- and context-dependency of smell leading to a mismatch between the natural smell of hexanal, a smell also occurring in human sweat, and the mechanical physical or mental representation of the robot.

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Gestalt grouping and common onset masking

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

The effect of spatial competition between object-level representations of target and mask on object substitution masking

The effect of spatial competition between object-level representations of target and mask on object substitution masking

Endogenous cueing attenuates object substitution masking

No Evidence for an Effect of the Smell of Hexanal on Trust in Human–Robot Interaction

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