Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers

From "Normative Power" to "Global Governmentality": An Assessment of European Union's Engagement of Civil Society in Indonesia

“…Recent studies on European Union's position in world politics posits EU power as a 'civilian' and later 'normative' power (Duchene, 1972;Bull, 1982;Manners, 2002). Maull (1990) conceptualises three elements of 'civilian power', namely: (1) the acceptance of cooperation with other political forces, rather than conflict, in the pursuit of international objectives; (2) the concentration on non-military means to secure national goals, and (3) a willingness to develop supranational structures to address critical issues in international politics (also quoted in Smith, 2005). This notion of 'civilian power' came into the theoretical debate when Hedley Bull, a prominent IR English School theorist, argued that the increasing role of EU in military and defence policy has led to the adoption of the notion of 'military power Europe'.…”

A visão brasileira da futura ordem global

“…Por conseguinte, os objetivos de política externa das potências intermediárias sobrepõem-se aos "fins civis" (MAULL, 1990;DUCHÊNE, 1973) de política externa, definidos como cooperação internacional, solidariedade, domesticação das relações internacionais, responsabilidade pelo meio ambiente global e difusão de igualdade, justiça e tolerância (DUCHÊNE, 1973, p. 20). Estas são "metas do ambiente social", e não "metas de posse", para usar a distinção de Arnold Wolfers (1962, p. 73-76).…”

India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) in the New Global Order

“…Accordingly, their foreign policy objectives overlap with the 'civilian ends ' (Duchê . ne 1973;Maull 1990) of foreign policy such as responsibility for the global environment and diffusion of equality and justice. These are 'milieu goals' Daniel Flemes rather than 'possession goals', to use Arnold Wolfers ' (1962: 73-74) distinction.…”