Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, chemistry, and separation technologies

Patel, Madhav; Karamalidis, Athanasios K.

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118981

Cited by 71 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Figure 2 plots the enlarged PECs of the Λ−S states with the internuclear distance between 1.9 and 3.6 Å (the energy is between 30,000−38,500 cm −1 ). It can be seen that d 3 Π intersects with the six states of a 3 Σ + , b 3 Δ, A 1 Δ, B 1 Σ − , c 3 Σ − , and C 1 Σ + in turn. It should be pointed out that the intersections are all located in the Franck−Condon region of these states, which may have an important impact on the stability of these states.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Germanium is a pivotal semiconductor material, which is widely used in optical fiber communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts. − GeCl and GeCl + are important products of the reaction between halogen-containing discharge plasma and germanium metal, which is called plasma etching, − and this process plays a key role in the manufacture of electronic devices. Understanding the electronic structure information of GeCl and GeCl + is helpful to clarify the chemical reactions involved in etching, so it is of great significance to study the spectroscopic characteristics and transition properties of these molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺

Xiao

Gao

2022

J. Phys. Chem. A

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The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of GeCl+ are studied by high-level ab initio calculations by considering spin–orbit coupling (SOC). The potential energy curves (PECs) and spectroscopic constants of 12 Λ–S states and 23 Ω states are calculated using the multi-reference configuration interaction plus Davidson correction method (MRCI + Q), which are in good agreement with the experiment. Based on the calculated SO matrix and the PECs of the Ω states, the interaction between the d3Π state and other states caused by the SOC and the double-potential well structure caused by the avoided crossing rule and the properties of transitions d3Π0+–X1Σ+ 0+, d3Π1–X1Σ+ 0+, and a3Σ+ 1–X1Σ+ 0+ are studied. Our results indicate that the previously observed spectra of GeCl+ in the 290–325 nm range should be assigned as the a3Σ+ 1–X1Σ+ 0+ transition. Moreover, the predissociation behavior of the d3Π state between the vibrational levels v′ = 1 and v′ = 10 is discussed, and the radiative lifetimes of transitions d3Π0+–X1Σ+ 0+ and d3Π1–X1Σ+ 0+ are evaluated on the order of microseconds, while a3Σ+ 1–X1Σ+ 0+ is on the order of milliseconds. We estimate that the strongest bands of a3Σ+ 1–X1Σ+ 0+ are the 0–16, 0–17, and 0–18 bands. This study will promote our understanding of the detailed electronic structure and spectra of the GeCl+ radical cation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺

Xiao

Gao

2022

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…Metalloids are a class of chemical elements that present both metallic and nonmetallic physicochemical properties. B, Si, and Ge tend to form covalent bonds with ligands. − They have a high binding affinity to phenolic compounds, forming covalently cross-linked networks. Boronate–phenolic networks (BPNs) are formed from boronic acid and vicinal diol groups in phenolic molecules, which display a pH-dependent and cis -diol responsiveness. − It is worth noting that only when the surrounding pH is greater than the p K a values (4.5–10) of the boronic acid motifs, boron can transition from sp 2 hybridization to tetrahedral sp 3 hybridization and react with cis -diol to form cyclic boronate esters (Figure a).…”

Section: Metal–phenolic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that introducing Si NPs into phenolic adhesives can considerably improve the adhesive and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. , The interactions between Ge and phenolic molecules have been exploited to form germanium–phenolic networks (GePNs). The formation of bidentate Ge–O–C type covalent bonds is key for the formation of GePNs with pentagonal or hexagonal rings. ,, It is reported that GePN assemblies are also influenced by pH values, Ge/phenol ratio, and the presence of other metal ions …”

Section: Metal–phenolic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Ion-Directed Functional Metal–Phenolic Materials

et al. 2022

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Metal ions are ubiquitous in nature and play significant roles in assembling functional materials in fields spanning chemistry, biology, and materials science. Metal–phenolic materials are assembled from phenolic components in the presence of metal ions through the formation of metal–organic complexes. Alkali, alkali-earth, transition, and noble metal ions as well as metalloids interacting with phenolic building blocks have been widely exploited to generate diverse hybrid materials. Despite extensive studies on the synthesis of metal–phenolic materials, a comprehensive summary of how metal ions guide the assembly of phenolic compounds is lacking. A fundamental understanding of the roles of metal ions in metal–phenolic materials engineering will facilitate the assembly of materials with specific and functional properties. In this review, we focus on the diversity and function of metal ions in metal–phenolic material engineering and emerging applications. Specifically, we discuss the range of underlying interactions, including (i) cation−π, (ii) coordination, (iii) redox, and (iv) dynamic covalent interactions, and highlight the wide range of material properties resulting from these interactions. Applications (e.g., biological, catalytic, and environmental) and perspectives of metal–phenolic materials are also highlighted.

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“…In fact, supported liquid membrane technologies have been proposed for the treatment of strategic and toxic metals. Some of their uses have recently been reviewed [6,7] and specifically published in the case of heavy metals [8][9][10], germanium [11], rare earth metals [12,13], scandium [14], europium [15], and tungsten [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation Iron(III)-Manganese(II) via Supported Liquid Membrane Technology in the Treatment of Spent Alkaline Batteries

López

2021

Membranes

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In this paper, the transport of iron(III) from iron(III)-manganese(II)-hydrochloric acid mixed solutions, coming from the treatment of spent alkaline batteries through a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane, is investigated (the carrier phase being of Cyanex 923 (commercially available phosphine oxide extractant) dissolved in Solvesso 100 (commercially available diluent)). Iron(III) transport is studied as a function of hydrodynamic conditions, the concentration of manganese and HCl in the feed phase, and the carrier concentration in the membrane phase. A transport model is derived that describes the transport mechanism, consisting of diffusion through a feed aqueous diffusion layer, a fast interfacial chemical reaction, and diffusion of the iron(III) species-Cyanex 923 complex across the membrane phase. The membrane diffusional resistance (Δm) and feed diffusional resistance (Δf) are calculated from the model, and their values are 145 s/cm and 361 s/cm, respectively. It is apparent that the transport of iron(III) is mainly controlled by diffusion through the aqueous feed boundary layer, this being the thickness of this layer calculated as 2.9 × 10−3 cm. Since manganese(II) is not transported through the membrane phase, the present system allows the purification of these manganese-bearing solutions.

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Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, chemistry, and separation technologies

Cited by 71 publications

References 170 publications

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺

Metal Ion-Directed Functional Metal–Phenolic Materials

Separation Iron(III)-Manganese(II) via Supported Liquid Membrane Technology in the Treatment of Spent Alkaline Batteries

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Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, chemistry, and separation technologies

Cited by 71 publications

References 170 publications

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl+

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl+

Metal Ion-Directed Functional Metal–Phenolic Materials

Separation Iron(III)-Manganese(II) via Supported Liquid Membrane Technology in the Treatment of Spent Alkaline Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺

Spectroscopic Properties and Spin–Orbit Coupling of Electronic Excited States of GeCl⁺