German parties and internet campaigning in the 2002 federal election

Facing up to Facebook: politicians, publics and the social media(ted) turn in New Zealand

“…There is now broad consensus that most early examples of political websites 'were nothing more than brochure-like content posted on the Web [with] a facade of interactivity' which largely ignored the audience (Sweetser and Lariscy, 2008: 179). However, Gibson et al (2011) suggest that to deify the Internet or equally to write it off is to miss the point that it has now become an inte-gral part of the social and political landscape, and we need to see it in that broad round. But of course, it is embedded in citizens' lives to greater or lesser degrees, depending on who we are, what we like and how 'politicised' we are.…”

Public Spheres and Mediated Social Networks in the Western Context and Beyond

“…However, due to the UK party systems, different electoral rules and the political elite's reluctance to engage with community activism, the online campaign proved to be far less extensive in terms of grassroots mobilisation (Kavanagh and Cowley 2010:185). Yet Chadwick's hybrid media model shows that there was significant integration of Web 2.0 techniques within the UK parties' political marketing tools and, in particular, their attempts to shape the coverage of the campaign (Chadwick 2013;Wring and Ward 2010;Gibson et al 2010). This was mirrored by the incorporation of social media into newsgathering routines for the sourcing of material via Twitter and by the ways that conventional media stories were complemented by online coverage (Newman 2010:3).…”

Does Cyber‐Campaigning Win Votes? Online Communication in the 2004 Australian Election

“…Beyond these broad trends, however, the major and minor parties have been found to diverge in their reasoning for being online, with the latter viewing the opportunities for virtual party headquarters and organisation building via the internet to be one of its principle merits (Gibson, Rommele and Ward, 2003). This recognition no doubt helps explain why the smaller parties are more likely to see the internet as very useful, compared with their larger counterparts Gibson, Römmele, and Ward 2003;Gibson and Ward, 1998).…”