Geospatial Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Urban Expansion Using Multi-Spatial Resolution Data: A Case Study of Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Urbanization addresses urban expansion, and it leads conversion of the green space into the built-up area. However, previous studies mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) urban expansion rather than three-dimensional (3D) growth. Here, the purpose of this study is to examine the urban expansion, including built-up and green space for both horizontal and vertical dimensions using geospatial analysis including remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in the sub-Central Business District (CBD) area of Surabaya, Indonesia. The medium resolution remote sensing data for both image and Digital Surface Model (DSM) acquired by Advanced Land-Observing Satellite (ALOS) were applied for time-1 (2010). The orthophoto and DSM derived by LiDAR were used for time-2 (2016). We quantified the built-up and green expansions in 2D (area), which were extracted from land use/land cover (LU/LC) by applying hybrid classification. The built-up and green expansions in 3D (volume) were estimated by generating a surface feature model. The spatial configuration of area expansion was investigated using patch metric, while the volume growth was examined using the volume expansion rate. We got three findings. (1) The built-up and green area had expanded about 11.54% and 95.61%, respectively, from 2010 to 2016. The expansion of green area presented in a notable portion, which was mainly contributed by the conversion of bareland to playground or park. However, the expansion of built-up area was less than the volume expansion of 20.6%. It revealed that built-up growth led to vertical rather than horizontal development. (2) The built-up area expansion tended to scatter configuration, whereas, the green area expansion tended to aggregate in a linear pattern. (3) The ratio of built-up volume expansion to green volume expansion showed a mean of 3.7, indicating that the development of built-up and green volume was imbalanced. The built-up growth presented higher than the green growth, mainly in the areas with more vertical building establishment. The pressing need for higher green volume in the study area was identified in several sites located at surrounding artery and toll roads. Overall, our approach can be applied as a reference in monitoring neighborhood environment through greening programs for sustainable urban development.

Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Islands: Case Study of Kandy City, Sri Lanka

“…As an adaptation technique, buildings should be planned to maximize air circulation by focusing on wind direction. Vertical urban development is not only a space-preserving technique [48,49], but also protects the surrounding open space, which is required for defensible urban life. City location increases environmental problems.…”

Editorial for the Special Issue: “Remote Sensing of Urban Ecology and Sustainability”

“…Due to the limitation of the 3D satellite images, most of the studies explore the urban landscape patterns in 2D. A further extension of 3D urban landscape analysis is significant and necessary, similar to the multidimensional urban form concept proposed by Wentz et al (2018) [20] and the recent attempt by Handayani et al (2018) [21] in this Special Issue. Most of the studies incorporated a temporal dimension into the consideration (2-4 time stages) to understand the urban expansion process, except the country scale analysis by Huang et al (2018) [19].…”

Landscape Changes and their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in Tropical Hill Stations in South Asia: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

“…The . In addition, tree cover plays a vital role in reducing the impacts of LST in urban areas [77]. We believe that the current urban planning must focus on sustainability to protect this popular tourist destination in Sri Lanka.…”