Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Islands: Case Study of Kandy City, Sri Lanka

Dissanayake, Dmslb; Morimoto, Takahiro; Ranagalage, Manjula; Murayama, Yuji

doi:10.3390/cli7080099

Cited by 93 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(42 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The tourism industry has been reported to be the main driving force of the observed rapid development in the study area, as thousands of local and foreign tourists have been visiting Nuwara Eliya [49]. Previous studies, such as Baguio in the Philippines [14,46], Kandy in Sri Lanka [13,51], Bengaluru in India [64], Bogor in Indonesia [46], and Dalat in Vietnam [46], revealed that green spaces, such as forests, declined due to the urban development pressure in their respective study areas. However, our study revealed that the forest areas were intact throughout the study period, owing to strong government policies on forest preservation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although urbanization has contributed to improving living conditions, it has had negative impacts on the natural environment in urbanized areas. Urbanization has changed the urban landscape and resulted in increasing land surface temperature (LST). Thus, studies related to LST in various urban environments have become popular. However, there are few LST studies focusing on mountain landscapes (i.e., hill stations). Therefore, this study investigated the changes in the landscape and their impacts on LST intensity (LSTI) in the tropical mountain city of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The study utilized annual median temperatures extracted from Landsat data collected from 1996 to 2017 based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) interface. The fractions of built-up (BL), forested (FL) and agricultural (AL) land, were calculated using land use and cover maps based on urban–rural zone (URZ) analysis. The urban–rural margin was demarcated based on the fractions of BL (<10%), and LSTI that were measured using the mean LST difference in the urban–rural zone. Besides, the mixture of land-use types was calculated using the AL/FL and BL/FL fraction ratios, and grid-based density analysis. The results revealed that the BL in all URZs rapidly developed, while AL decreased during the period 1996 to 2017. There was a minimal change in the forest area of the Nuwara Eliya owing to the government’s forest preservation policies. The mean temperature of the study area increased by 2.1 °C from 1996 to 2017. The magnitude of mean LST between urban–rural zones also increased from 1.0 °C (1996) to 3.5 °C (2017). The results also showed that mean LST was positively correlated with the increase and decrease of the BL/FL and AL/FL fraction ratios, respectively. The grid-based analysis showed an increasing, positive relationship between mean LST and density of BL. This indicated that BL density had been a crucial element in increasing LST in the study area. The results of this study will be a useful indicator to introduce improved landscape and urban planning in the future to minimize the negative impact of LST on urban sustainability.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the critical environmental impacts of urbanization that has likely affected the mountain city Nuwara Eliya is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) resulting from variations in LST [13,14]. Still, previous studies related to LST have been focused on the Colombo City [3,4,37] and Kandy [13,51] in Sri Lanka.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, LST images obtained at different times are also affected by atmospheric radiation, solar radiation, wind speed, humidity, etc. The LST data obtained in 2004 and 2017 may not have been stable, which will have a certain effect on the analysis of the spatial pattern distribution characteristics of LST [57]. In this paper, the two LST data were selected at the beginning and end of Beijing's urban master plan (2004-2020), which represented the process of urban development of Beijing cities during a completed master plan period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Scale Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Landscape Pattern Based on Wavelet Coherence: The Case of Metropolitan Beijing, China

Tan

Guo

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relationship between urban landscape pattern and land surface temperature (LST) is one of the core issues in urban thermal environment research. Although previous studies have shown a significant correlation between LST and landscape pattern, most were conducted at a single scale and rarely involve multi-scale effects of the landscape pattern. Wavelet coherence can relate the correlation between LST and landscape pattern to spatial scale and location, which is an effective multi-scale correlation method. In this paper, we applied wavelet coherence and Pearson correlation coefficient to analyze the multi-scale correlations between landscape pattern and LST, and analyzed the spatial pattern of the urban thermal environment during the urbanization of Beijing from 2004 to 2017 by distribution index of high-temperature center (HTC). The results indicated that the HTC of Beijing gradually expands from the main urban zone and urban function extended zone to the new urban development zone and far suburb zone, and develops from monocentric to polycentric spatial pattern. Land cover types, such as impervious surfaces and bare land, have a positive contribution to LST, while water and vegetation play a role in mitigating LST. The wavelet coherence and Pearson correlation coefficients showed that landscape composition and spatial configuration have significant effects on LST, but landscape composition has a greater effect on LST in Beijing metropolitan area. Landscape composition indexes (NDBI and NDVI) showed significant multi-scale characteristics with LST, especially at larger scales, which has a strong correlation on the whole transect. There was no significant correlation between the spatial configuration indexes (CONTAG, DIVISION, and LSI) and LST at smaller scales, only at larger scales near the urban area has a significant correlation. With the increase of the scale, Pearson correlation coefficient calculated by spatial rectangle sampling and wavelet coherence coefficient have the same trend, although it had some fluctuations in several locations. However, the wavelet coherence coefficient diagram was smoother and less affected by position and rectangle size, which more conducive to describe the correlation between landscape pattern index and LST at different scales and locations. In general, wavelet coherence provides a multi-scale method to analyze the relationship between landscape pattern and LST, helping to understand urban planning and land management to mitigate the factors affecting urban thermal environment.

show abstract

“…Thus, we hypothesize that the rapid changes in the urban landscape caused the LST pattern in the study area. Most previous studies related to LST focused on the Colombo City [3,4,36] and Kandy [12] [49] in Sri Lanka. This study examines the changes in the urban landscape and their impact on the spatial changes of LST to introduce proper landscape and urban planning in Nuwara Eliya.…”

Section: Mountain Cities In Asia Have Been Developing Since the Colonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape Changes and their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in Tropical Hill Stations in South Asia: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

Ranagalage¹,

Murayama²,

Dissanayake³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although urbanization has contributed to improving living conditions, it has had negative impacts on the natural environment in the urbanized areas. Urbanization has changed the urban landscape and resulted in increasing land surface temperature (LST). Thus, studies related to LST in various urban environments have become a popular research topic. However, few LST studies focusing on the mountain landscapes (i.e. hill stations) have been carried out. The primary objective of this study is to investigate changes in the landscape and their impacts on LST intensity (LSTI) in the tropical mountain city of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The study utilized annual median temperatures extracted from Landsat data collected from 1996 to 2017 based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) interface. The fractions of built-up (BL), forest (FL), and agricultural (AL) land were calculated using land use and cover maps based on the urban-rural zone (URZ) analysis. The urban-rural margin was demarcated based on the fraction of BL (<10%) and LSTI was measured using the mean LST difference in the urban-rural zone. In addition, the mixture of land use types was calculated using the AL/FL and BL/FL fraction ratios, and grid-based density analysis. The result shows that the BL in all URZ rapidly developed, while AL decreased during the period 1996 to 2017. There was minimal change in the forest area of the Nuwara Eliya owing to the government forest preservation policies. The fraction of the BL increased from 32.4% in 1996 to 58.7% in 2017 in the city center zone (URZ1) resulting in increased mean LST by 4.7 °C. Furthermore, the increase of the BL/FL fraction ratio and the decrease of the AL/FL fraction ratio were positively correlated with the mean LST. Grid-based analysis showed an increasing positive relationship between mean LST and density of BL. This indicated that BL density has been a crucial element in increasing LST in the study area. The results of this study will be a useful indicator to introduce improved landscape and urban planning in the future to minimize the negative impact of LST on urban sustainability.

show abstract

Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Islands: Case Study of Kandy City, Sri Lanka

Cited by 93 publications

References 44 publications

The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)

The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)

Multi-Scale Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Landscape Pattern Based on Wavelet Coherence: The Case of Metropolitan Beijing, China

Landscape Changes and their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in Tropical Hill Stations in South Asia: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About