“…If intraspecific variation were constant across the animal kingdom, the lack of artiodactyl-specific studies should not matter. Recent papers have explored dental variation on several extant mammalian groups, with particular emphasis on carnivores (e.g., Pengilly, 1984;Polly, 1998;Szuma, 2002;Meiri et al, 2005), elephants (e.g., Roth, 1989Roth, , 1992, primates (e.g., Gingerich and Schoeninger, 1979;Cope, 1993), and rodents (e.g., Austin and Stangl, 1995;Polly, 2003;Carrasco, 2004;Polly and Head, 2004;Caumul and Polly, 2005;Cordeiro-Estrela et al, 2006;Calede and Glusman, 2017). The abundant research on variation has made it clear that there exists a wide range of variation in mammalia, both by morphology measured and by species -one size range does not fit all groups.…”