Geometallurgy of cobalt ores: A review

Dehaine, Quentin; Tijsseling, Laurens T.; Glass, Hylke J.; Törmänen, T.; Butcher, Alan R.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106656

Cited by 142 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Thus, it is established that in the Middle Ages, the European mines of the Erzgebirge (word-for-word: Ore Mountains) were exploited [84] for silver production by smelting and the material rich in cobalt was then a by-product as described by Georg Bauer, alias Agricola, in his famous book published in 1556 [150]. Indeed, cobalt remains in the slag melt (silicates) during the metallurgical process [150][151][152]. This has been related to the elimination of (most of the) arsenic in European cobalt used before~1600-1650, as the evidence comes from glass objects coloured in blue which are free of residual arsenic [153][154][155][156].…”

Section: Processing Of the Cobalt Oresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade

2021

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Minerals able to colour in blue (and green in combination with yellow pigments) are limited in number and geologically. After presenting a short history of the use of cobalt as a colouring agent of glass, glaze and enamel in the Western/Mediterranean, Islamic and Asian worlds since Antiquity, we will present the different forms (dissolved ions, natural and synthetic crystalline phases/pigments) of cobalt and associated elements regarding primary (transition metals) and secondary geological deposits (transition metals and/or arsenic, bismuth, silver). Attempts to identify the origin of cobalt have been made by many authors considering the associated elements but without considering the important modifications due to different processing of the raw materials (extraction/purification/formulation). We review the information available in the ancient reports and present literature on the use of cobalt, its extraction and production from the ores, the different geological sources and their relationship with associated elements (transition metals, bismuth, arsenic, and silver) and with technological/aesthetic requirements. (Partial) substitution of cobalt with lapis lazuli is also addressed. The relative application of non-invasive mobile Raman and pXRF analytical instruments, to detect mineral phases and elements associated with/replacing cobalt is addressed, with emphasis on Mamluk, Ottoman, Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese productions. The efficiency of Ni-Zn-As diagram proposed by Gratuze et al. as a classification tool is confirmed but additionally, CoO-Fe2O3−MnO and CoO-NiO-Cr2O3 diagrams are also found as very efficient tools in this research. The relationship between the compositional data obtained from the artefacts and historical questions on the origin and date of their production are discussed in order to obtain a global historical view. The need of a better knowledge of (ancient) deposits of cobalt ores and the evolution of cobalt ore processing with time and place is obvious.

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Section: Processing Of the Cobalt Oresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade

2021

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“…Currently, primary cobalt production is always a by-product or co-product of nickel or copper production. The only exception is the ophiolite-hosted deposits of the Bou Azzer mine in Morocco [62][63][64][65] . Most cobalt mining globally occurs in the stratiform sediment-hosted deposits of the Central African Copperbelt 66,67 .…”

Section: Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cobalt is precipitated as a cobalt hydroxide intermediate product after having gone through several purification process steps. Sulfidic ore is concentrated through froth flotation, after which the concentrate is roasted, followed by a similar hydrometallurgical process as the oxide ore 65,69 .…”

Section: Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable extraction of technology materials through integrated approaches

Pell

Tijsseling²,

Goodenough

et al. 2021

Nat Rev Earth Environ

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The transition to a low-carbon economy will be material-intensive. Production of these materials (from mining to manufacturing) incurs environmental costs that vary widely, depending on the geology, mineralogy, extraction routes, type of product, purity of product, background system or manufacturing infrastructure. Understanding the impacts of the raw materials underpinning the low-carbon economy is essential for eliminating any dissonance between the benefits of renewable technologies and the impacts associated with the production of the raw materials. In this Review, we propose an integrated life cycle assessment and geometallurgical approach to optimize the technical performance and reduce the environmental impact of raw material extraction. Life cycle assessments are an effective way of understanding the system-wide impacts associated with material production, from ore in the ground to a refined chemical product ready to be used in advanced technologies such as batteries. In the geometallurgy approach, geologists select exploration targets with resource characteristics that lend themselves to lower environmental impacts, often considering factors throughout the exploration and development process. Combining these two approaches allows for more accurate and dynamic optimization of technology materials resource efficiency, based on in situ ore properties and process simulations. By applying these approaches at the development phase of projects, a future low-carbon economy can be achieved that is built from ingredients with a lower environmental impact.

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“…US$16 per pound in 2020). 22 Even though this high-nickel approach seems promising in terms of rate capability and energy efficiency, a number of disadvantages to be tackled have been reported in the literature such as complex synthesis and conditioning processes, 10 mechanical fracture of the electrode during (de)lithiation, 11 formation of residual lithium compounds at the electrode-electrolyte interface, 12 limited electrode density, 13 and the gradual decrease in the LIBs capacity retention and safety characteristics. 14 Many of the challenges outlined for the high-nickel approach can be faced by inserting dopants in the cathode microstructure, with aluminum and manganese being some of the most promising elements.…”

Section: Lithium-ion Batteries (Libs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent trends in batteries and lubricants for electric vehicles

Shah¹,

Gashi²,

González-Poggini

et al. 2021

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Future progress in hybrid and battery vehicles heavily relies on the optimization of involved battery components and lubricants. Attention must specifically be given to the material composition and surface coatings of the electrodes as well as the electrolyte used to maximize energy output, while also ensuring safety. Additionally, prioritizing the effective utilization of specific lubricants for electric motors and various tribological contacts, such as wheel bearings and the steering system, is the prospective goal of lubrication research. The energy output of the most promising battery, the Li-ion battery (LIB), must result in driving ranges, which can compete with the 600 km driving range of combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Consequently, ongoing research activities in cell chemistry, electrode surface engineering, electrolyte engineering, and engine lubrication offer the greatest opportunity in achieving these goals.

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Geometallurgy of cobalt ores: A review

Cited by 142 publications

References 114 publications

Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade

Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade

Towards sustainable extraction of technology materials through integrated approaches

Recent trends in batteries and lubricants for electric vehicles

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