“…With regard to the consumer, scholars devote enough effort to exploring the impacts of up-to-date technologies on obtaining tourism information, purchasing tickets, booking accommodations, participating in tourism activities, and sharing tourism experiences (Leoni and Cristofaro, 2021; MacKay and Vogt, 2012; Gössling, 2020; Voda et al, 2019). On the one hand, technologies such as smart tourism apps can help tourists receive valuable information (MacKay and Vogt, 2012), find attractive destinations (Huang et al, 2017), design route mappings (Adeola and Evans, 2019a; Ernawati et al, 2018), book tickets and accommodations (Dickinson et al, 2012), formulate personalized schedules (Gretzel et al, 2015), and thereby generating demand for tourism (Yoo et al, 2017).…”