Geomagnetic control of the electron density in the<i>F</i>region of the ionosphere

Goldberg, R. A.; Kendall, P.C.; Schmerling, E. R.

doi:10.1029/jz069i003p00417

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similar results were also obtained by Kendall [1963]. More recently Goldberg et al [1964] have shown that, if certain assumptions are made about the vertical distribution of electron density at the geomagnetic equator, the distribution to be expected under conditions of static equilibrium, at heights above the F2 peak, is similar to that observed experimentally; however, the known form of the anomaly at lower heights could not be explained in this way. The second mechanism that has been proposed to explain the anomaly [Martyn, 1955;Duncan, 1960] is the vertical transport of ionization by electromagnetic forces combined with the diffusion away from the equator along lines of force, as described above.…”

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confidence: 82%

Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region

Bramley¹,

Peart²

1965

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics

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The paper gives the results of calculations of the equilibrium distribution of electron density in the F region of the ionosphere near the magnetic equator. The distributions are obtained as solutions of the continuity equation, including terms representing photoionization, loss, diffusion along geomagnetic field lines, and a small electromagnetic drift. It is found that the drift produces a significant effect and can give rise to results which conform more nearly to the observed distributions than do those obtained theoretically when drift is ignored.

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confidence: 82%

Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region

Bramley¹,

Peart²

1965

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics

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“…The latitudinal distribution of the peak electron density of the F2 layer shows a minimum at the geomagnetic equator and two maxima appear on both sides of the equator near magnetic latitudes of 15–20°N and S. This phenomenon is called equatorial or Appleton anomaly and studied by many authors [e.g., Martyn , 1955; Duncan , 1960; Kendall , 1962; Rishbeth et al , 1963; Bramley and Peart , 1964; Goldberg et al , 1964; Jakowski et al , 2007]. In the present study the two ionization crests are modeled by the following expression.…”

Section: Basic Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new global empirical NmF2 model for operational use in radio systems

Hoque

Jakowski

2011

Radio Science

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[1] The ionospheric F2 region around the peak electron density height hmF2 of about 250-500 km causes the most pronounced impact on transionospheric radio wave propagation. Therefore, the peak electron density of the F2 layer NmF2 is a key parameter for characterizing the ionosphere. We present an empirical model approach that allows determining global NmF2 with a limited number of model coefficients. The nonlinear approach needs 13 coefficients and a few empirically fixed parameters for describing the NmF2 dependencies on local time, geographic/geomagnetic location and solar irradiance and activity. The model approach is applied to a vast quantity of global NmF2 data derived from GNSS radio occultation measurements by CHAMP, GRACE and COSMIC satellite missions and about 60 years of processed NmF2 data from 177 worldwide ionosonde stations. The model fits to these input data with the same standard and root mean squared (RMS) deviations of 2 × 10 11 m −3 . The proposed Neustrelitz global NmF2 model (Neustrelitz Peak Density Model -NPDM) is climatological, i.e., the model describes the average behavior under quiet geomagnetic conditions. A preliminary comparison with the electron density NeQuick model reveals similar results for NmF2 with RMS deviations in the order of 2 × 10 11 m −3 and 5 × 10 11 m −3 for low and high solar activity conditions, respectively.Citation: Hoque, M. M., and N. Jakowski (2011), A new global empirical NmF2 model for operational use in radio systems,

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“…T h i s apparent confusion a r i s e s by comparison of t h e work of Chandra (1964), ( t o be r e f e r r e d t o a s C -I ) , i n which it i s shown t h a t t h e assumption of ambipolar d i f f u s i o n a l o n g a f i e l d l i n e cannot l e a d t o geomagnetic c o n t r o l of t h e charged p a r t i c l e s , and such p a p e r s a s Goldberg and Schmerling (1962, 19631, ( t o be r e f e r r e d t o a s GS-I azd GS-11), and Goldberg, Kendall, and Schmerling (1964), ( t o be r e f e r r e d t o a s GKS), i n which t h i s process does appear t o produce geomagnetic c o n t r o l of t h e charged p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y i n t h e ionos p h e r e .…”

Section: Introduction I N Recent Months I T Has Become I N C R E a Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetic control of diffusion in the upper atmosphere

Chandra¹,

Goldberg²

1964

J. Geophys. Res.

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In many r e c e n t p a p e r s concerned w i t h providing an explan a t i o n f o r t h e geomagnetic anomaly, agreement w i t h measured d a t a h a s been o b t a i n e d from the e q u a t i o n s of motion f o r elect r o n s and i o n s when used w i t h an e m p i r i c a l boundary c o n d i t i o n , whereas poor agreement has r e s u l t e d from a t t e m p t s t o numeric a l l y i n t e g r a t e t h e commonly employed form of t h e c o n t i n u i t y equation. W e have been a b l e t o e x p l a i n t h i s discrepancy by demonstrating t h a t t h e assumptions used to d e r i v e t h i s f a r m of t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n s do not a g r e e w i t g t o t h e form of t h e e q u a t i o n s used, and found t h a t although f i e l d a l i g n e d d i f f u s i v e e q u i l i br i u m p r o v i d e s t h e correct form, a more r e a s o n a b l e assumption concerning e l e c t r o n and i o n c o l l i s i o n s w i t h n e u t r a l s a l s o l e a d s t o t h e same r e s u l t . W e have then been a b l e t o provide a more r e a l i s t i c t h e o r e t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e geomagnetic anomalyby employing a n a n a l y t i c form f o r t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n which is i n better agreement w i t h measurement t h a n those p r e v i o u s l y used F i n a l l y , by combining t h e e q u a t i o n s of motion f o r n e u t r a l s , e l e c t r o n s and i o n s , w e have been a b l e t o i n d i c a t e geomagnetic c o n t r o l f o r t h e n e u t r a l atmosphere i n t h e lower F r e g i o n of t h e ionosphere, a l t h o u g h t h e e x a c t shape of t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n is unknown .

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Geomagnetic control of the electron density in theFregion of the ionosphere

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region

Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region

A new global empirical NmF2 model for operational use in radio systems

Geomagnetic control of diffusion in the upper atmosphere

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