Geologic controls of submarine groundwater discharge: application of remote sensing to north Lebanon

Shaban, Amin; Khawlie, Mohamad; Abdallah, Chadi; Faour, Ghaleb

doi:10.1007/s00254-004-1172-3

Cited by 62 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…All discharge areas exhibit thermal anomalies with different extents at the sea surface and hence represent groundwater discharge. This causality proves the structural control of groundwater flow in this area similar to the results of Shaban et al (2005) in Lebanon. Based upon the abundance of thermal anomalies (termed groundwater affected areas-GAA) so far reported general spring areas could be concretised to 37 specific groundwater discharge sites along the entire coast.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Many studies took advantage of the high spatial resolution with common ground sampling distances (GSD) of B1 m provided by airborne platforms to localise and quantify groundwater discharge (Mejías et al 2012;Roseen 2002;Torgerson et al 2001). While results are impressive and may lead to an increased knowledge of regional and local hydrogeology in many study areas (Mejías et al 2012;Shaban et al 2005), it provides only a snapshot of the discharge event. Moreover, the high-cost of acquiring high resolution thermal data is a distinct disadvantage which in most cases precludes further follow-up campaigns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce the extensive efforts and to parallel gain information on groundwater over large spatial scales in other study areas, some authors applied thermal remote sensing (Danielescu et al 2009;Johnson et al 2008;Shaban et al 2005). This method exploits temperature contrasts between the inflowing groundwater and the water body (river, lake, and ocean).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

et al. 2013

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The semi-arid region of the Dead Sea heavily relies on groundwater resources. This dependence is exacerbated by both population growth and agricultural activities and demands a sustainable groundwater management. Yet, information on groundwater discharge as one main component for a sustainable management varies significantly in this area. Moreover, discharge locations, volume and temporal variability are still only partly known. A multi-temporal thermal satellite approach is applied to localise and semi-quantitatively assess groundwater discharge along the entire coastline. The authors use 100 Landsat ETM ? band 6.2 data, spanning the years between 2000 and 2011. In the first instance, raw data are transformed to sea surface temperature (SST). To account for groundwater intermittency and to provide a seasonally independent data set DT (maximum SST range) per-pixel within biennial periods is calculated subsequently. Groundwater affected areas (GAA) are characterised by DT \ 8.5°C. Unaffected areas exhibit values[10°C. This allows the exact identification of 37 discharge locations (clusters) along the entire Dead Sea coast, which spatially correspond to available in situ discharge observations. Tracking the GAA extents as a direct indicator of groundwater discharge volume over time reveals (1) a temporal variability correspondence between GAA extents and recharge amounts, (2) the reported rigid ratios of discharge volumes between different spring areas not to be valid for all years considering the total discharge, (3) a certain variability in discharge locations as a consequence of the Dead Sea level drop, and finally (4) the assumed flushing effect of old Dead Sea brines from the sedimentary body to have occurred at least during the two series of

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

et al. 2013

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“…Recent research has shown that thermal data has the potential to be used to gain information on groundwater discharges across large spatial scales. Such information for example might include the localization of submarine groundwater discharge [9][10][11][12][13] and the respective quantification [14][15][16]. Moreover, it is possible to infer groundwater discharge amounts based on a linear [16] or logarithmic [14] regression analysis between the thermal plume area induced by discharge and in situ measured discharge volumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Thermal Data Identifies Groundwater Discharge at the North-Western Coast of the Dead Sea

et al. 2013

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Abstract:A qualitative and quantitative monitoring of groundwater discharge was conducted based on an airborne thermal campaign undertaken along the north-western coast of the Dead Sea in January 2011 to contribute to the relatively scarce information on groundwater discharge to date in the region. The application of airborne thermal data exploits thermal contrasts that exist between discharging groundwater and background sea surface temperatures of the Dead Sea. Using these contrasts, 72 discharge sites were identified from which only 42 were known from previous in situ measurements undertaken at terrestrial springs by the Israel Hydrological Service. Six of these sites represent submarine springs and at a further 24 locations groundwater appears to seep through the sediment. Although the abundance of groundwater seepage sites suggests a significant, but so far unknown groundwater source, the main contribution appears to originate from

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“…Shaban et al [12 ] applied airborne thermal infrared to recognize groundwater discharge along coastal stretch of Lebanon and to compare the results which they got with the results which got by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the same area and using the same technique. They recognized twentyseven major SGDs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Thermal Infrared Imagery (TIR) for Illustrating the Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Eastern Shoreline of the Dead Sea-Jordan

Akawwi¹,

Al-Zouabi²,

Kakish³

et al. 2008

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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Many of thermal anomalies that are indicator of discharge zones of warmer water were observed along the Dead Sea shoreline at the areas of Zarka Ma'in, Zara and Al-Mujeb. The groundwater discharge locations were mapped along eastern shores of the Dead Sea by using aerial thermal infrared imagery (λ = 8-13 µm). A digital thermal infrared camera was used for this purpose in December 2005 at the nighttime. The principle of using this method is depending on the difference of the temperature between the sea surface water and the groundwater. The average groundwater temperature in the Dead Sea area is about 33 centigrade. It discharges into the cooler Dead Sea water 12 centigrade. The temperatures of the mixing two types of water (the discharge and the Dead Sea Water) were about 26 centigrade at some spots. These increasing of the Dead Sea temperatures are due to the groundwater discharge. The groundwater discharge was identified by thermal infrared images surveys. The survey provides sharp images of the shoreline of the Dead Sea (pixel size of about 4-5 m).

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Geologic controls of submarine groundwater discharge: application of remote sensing to north Lebanon

Cited by 62 publications

References 3 publications

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

Airborne Thermal Data Identifies Groundwater Discharge at the North-Western Coast of the Dead Sea

Using Thermal Infrared Imagery (TIR) for Illustrating the Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Eastern Shoreline of the Dead Sea-Jordan

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