Many of thermal anomalies that are indicator of discharge zones of warmer water were observed along the Dead Sea shoreline at the areas of Zarka Ma'in, Zara and Al-Mujeb. The groundwater discharge locations were mapped along eastern shores of the Dead Sea by using aerial thermal infrared imagery (λ = 8-13 µm). A digital thermal infrared camera was used for this purpose in December 2005 at the nighttime. The principle of using this method is depending on the difference of the temperature between the sea surface water and the groundwater. The average groundwater temperature in the Dead Sea area is about 33 centigrade. It discharges into the cooler Dead Sea water 12 centigrade. The temperatures of the mixing two types of water (the discharge and the Dead Sea Water) were about 26 centigrade at some spots. These increasing of the Dead Sea temperatures are due to the groundwater discharge. The groundwater discharge was identified by thermal infrared images surveys. The survey provides sharp images of the shoreline of the Dead Sea (pixel size of about 4-5 m).
Due to the importance of database systems, integration between two Geomatics sciences, GIS and Remote Sensing has been made in order to support and serve various sectors in Jordan. GIS has been used to create layers that can show decision makers in a simple, easy and flexible manner. Remote Sensing will be used in creating images of how Jordan is seen from space, which will give the users more information and an overview about the study area. Satellite images could be converted into digital image maps, using digitizing procedures. The features viewed in the original scene could be studied by using different remotely sensed techniques. Landsat-7 (ETM+) and SPOT images were implemented, in order to extract the information needed for the topography of the region, land cover areas, boundaries, drainage patterns, road networks, man-used areas, vegetated areas and many other features in Al-Salt areas. The validity and the appropriateness of GIS and Remote Sensing techniques, particularly data fusion of images were evaluated in relation to visualization.
Abstract:The distribution of bending moments in T-beam deck slab varies from one T-beam to another. The design of T-beams should be based on the actual bending moments each beam is subjected to for the purpose of achieving economy especially in bridge deck slab, extended over big area. The saving in some cases is substantial due to reducing the quantities of steel and concrete.
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