Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula

Signes-Pastor, Antonio J.; Carey, Manus; Carbonell-Barrachina, Ángel A.; Moreno-Jiménez, Eduardo; Green, Andy J.; Meharg, Andrew A.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.117

Cited by 62 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Higher i-As content has been previously found in rice-based products containing brown rice compared to those manufactured with polished rice [7,31]. The rice growing origin has also been identified to affect rice i-As content in prior studies, and rice grown in the EU, characterised by a high relative amount of i-As, is expected to be predominant in the rice-based products included in this study [10,32]. Little changes were found in the i-As concentration in baby rice, rice crackers, and rice cereals compared to the same rice-based products previously tested in 2014 before the EU i-As standard in rice ( Table 3 ) [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Only Brand F rice crackers showed a reduction of i-As concentration below 0.1 mg/kg, complying with the maximum limit. The exceedance of the i-As standard emphasises the urgent need for low i-As rice used to manufacture infants’ and young childrens’ food, which could be obtained by applying novel ways of rice processing or by identifying low i-As rice growing regions [10,32,33]. Rice cereal packaging does not state that they are specifically for infants or young children and thus fall under higher concentration categories despite the fact that they are widely consumed by young children and may contain over 0.1 mg/kg of i-As as reported in the study here and others [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Signes-Pastor

Woodside²,

McMullan

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Early childhood inorganic arsenic (i-As) exposure is of particular concern since it may adversely impact on lifetime health outcomes. Infants’ urinary arsenic (As) metabolites were analysed in 79 infants by inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometric detection (IC-ICP-MS) to evaluate i-As exposure pre- and post-weaning. Levels of i-As in rice-based weaning and infants’ foods were also determined to relate to urinary As levels. Higher As levels, especially of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), were found in urine from formula fed infants compared to those breastfed. Urine from infants post-weaning consuming rice-products resulted in higher urinary MMA and DMA compared to the paired pre-weaning urine samples. The European Union (EU) has regulated i-As in rice since 1st January 2016. Comparing infants’ rice-based foods before and after this date, little change was found. Nearly ¾ of the rice-based products specifically marketed for infants and young children contained i-As over the 0.1 mg/kg EU limit. Efforts should be made to provide low i-As rice and rice-based products consumed by infants and young children that do not exceed the maximum i-As level to protect this vulnerable subpopulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Signes-Pastor

Woodside²,

McMullan

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…Therefore, the i-As levels in drinking water are assumed to be below the EU regulation—10 μg/l (The Council of the European Union 1998). It is expected that i-As exposure comes largely from foodstuffs such as rice and rice-based products due to their high i-As content and regular consumption by the Spanish population (Carbonell-Barrachina et al 2012; Food and Authority 2014; Meharg et al 2014; Magrama 2015; Signes-Pastor et al 2016a). The metabolism of i-As in the human body comprises a series of reduction and methylation reactions, resulting in the formation of MMA (10–20 %) and DMA (60–70 %), which are excreted in urine together with unchanged i-As (10–30 %) (Vahter 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DMA is, therefore, a metabolite that reflects exposure of both i-As and organic compounds (Navas-Acien et al 2011). DMA may also be excreted in the urine unchanged after rice consumption because significant levels of DMA have been reported in rice from certain areas, including rice from Spain (Meharg et al 2009; Signes-Pastor et al 2016a). Indeed, 90 % of urinary As excretion after a rice diet containing both i-As and DMA at a 1:1 ratio has been reported to be DMA (Meharg et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Arsenic Speciation in Children and Pregnant Women from Spain

et al. 2016

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Inorganic arsenic (i-As) is a non-threshold human carcinogen that has been associated with several adverse health outcomes. Exposure to i-As is of particular concern among pregnant women, infants and children, as they are specifically vulnerable to the adverse health effects of i-As, and in utero and early-life exposure, even low to moderate levels of i-As, may have a marked effect throughout the lifespan. Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (IC-ICP-MS) was used to analyse urinary arsenic speciation, as an exposure biomarker, in samples of 4-year-old children with relatively low-level arsenic exposure living in different regions in Spain including Asturias, Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia. The profile of arsenic metabolites in urine was also determined in samples taken during pregnancy (1st trimester) and in the children from Valencia of 7 years old. The median of the main arsenic species found in the 4-year-old children was 9.71 μg/l (arsenobetaine—AsB), 3.97 μg/l (dimethylarsinic acid—DMA), 0.44 μg/l (monomethylarsonic acid—MMA) and 0.35 μg/l (i-As). Statistically significant differences were found in urinary AsB, MMA and i-As according to the study regions in the 4-year-old, and also in DMA among pregnant women and their children. Spearman’s correlation coefficient among urinary arsenic metabolites was calculated, and, in general, a strong methylation capacity to methylate i-As to MMA was observed.

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“…Rice, a crop that is grown in flooded plains, is of particular concern as the plant has been shown to bioaccumulate i-As at approximately 10-fold higher rate than other grains such as wheat and barley (Ma et al, 2008; Meharg et al, 2009; Mitani et al, 2009; Williams et al, 2007a, b; Williams et al, 2005). Nevertheless, wide variations exist in the amount and type of arsenic found in rice dependent on both where the plant was grown and the rice species (Bastias et al, 2010; Norton et al, 2012; Signes-Pastor et al, 2016a; Williams et al, 2007a, b; Williams et al, 2005). For instance, rice grown in the U.S. contains higher amounts of total arsenic (t-As) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) — the primary arsenic metabolite found in rice (Meharg et al, 2009; Williams et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of human dietary exposure to arsenic through rice

Davis

Signes-Pastor

Argos

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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109

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Rice accumulates 10-fold higher inorganic arsenic (i-As), an established human carcinogen, than other grains. This review summarizes epidemiologic studies that examined the association between rice consumption and biomarkers of arsenic exposure. After reviewing the literature we identified 20 studies, among them included 18 observational and 2 human experimental studies that reported on associations between rice consumption and an arsenic biomarker. Among individuals not exposed to contaminated water, rice is a source of i-As exposure — rice consumption has been consistently related to arsenic biomarkers, and the relationship has been clearly demonstrated in experimental studies. Early-life i-As exposure is of particular concern due to its association with lifelong adverse health outcomes. Maternal rice consumption during pregnancy also has been associated with infant toenail total arsenic concentrations indicating that dietary exposure during pregnancy results in fetal exposure. Thus, the collective evidence indicates that rice is an independent source of arsenic exposure in populations around the world and highlights the importance of investigating its affect on health.

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Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula

Abstract: 17This study investigated total arsenic and arsenic speciation in rice using ion

Cited by 62 publications

References 32 publications

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Urinary Arsenic Speciation in Children and Pregnant Women from Spain

Assessment of human dietary exposure to arsenic through rice

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