Geographic Variation in the Photoperiodic Response of the Western Tree-Hole Mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Jordan, Robert G.; Bradshaw, William E.

doi:10.1093/aesa/71.4.487

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The rains abate during March through May, and all but the most permanent tree holes are totally dry by July. A. sierrensis has an aestival, embryonic diapause induced by long-day photoperiod, and a hibernal, fourth-instar diapause induced by short-day photoperiod at low temperatures (Garcia and Ponting 1972;Jordan and Bradshaw 1978;Jordan 1980). Consequently, populations are probably univoltine throughout their range, and the finite rate of increase of the population is equivalent to the per capita replacement rate per generation (Hawley 1985a, b).…”

Section: A Sierrensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Maciá¹,

Bradshaw²

2000

Oecologia

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The nutrient base of aquatic tree-hole communities is derived from leaf litter, benthic detritus, and water flowing down the tree trunk (stemflow water). Previous studies in eastern North America with the mosquito, Aedes triseriatus, have identified leaf litter as a major and stemflow water as a minor source of mosquito nutrition, but did not consider the role of the benthic detritus or how the aggregate or relative contribution of these sources of mosquito nutrition changed during the year. We use the leaf litter, benthic detritus, and stemflow water from tree holes in western Oregon (USA) to determine how these substrates affect mass at metamorphosis, biomass yield, and fitness (cohort replacement rate; R ) of the mosquito, Aedes sierrensis, through both natural and simulated winters, the normal growing season for larvae in tree holes. We found that fresh leaf litter constitutes the major determinant of mosquito fitness by a factor of>15:1 over any other substrate taken directly from tree holes in nature. The other substrates, including the benthic detritus, individually make only a meager contribution to mosquito fitness but, when added to the leaf litter, can sustain yield and improve fitness at high, limiting larval densities. Nutritional quality of tree-hole substrates declines by >90% from early (fall) to late (spring) in the larval growing season. At both times of year, the coarse or fine detritus provide minor resources, and stemflow water provides no detectable contribution to mosquito nutrition. The resources in the litter are not transported during the year to the benthic detritus; rather, these resources are either exploited by mosquitoes when they first become available, or they deteriorate and become progressively more unavailable to them. Growth and development of A. sierrensis feeding on dried and reconstituted tree-hole contents during a 6-month simulated winter in the laboratory showed: (1) the same relative contributions of leaf litter, benthic detritus, and stemflow water to mosquito nutrition, (2) that the winter deterioration of substrate quality is a direct consequence of microbial decomposition, and (3) that pre-emptive competition from pre-existing A. sierrensis greatly increases substrate deterioration. We conclude that the progressive winter deterioration of larval resources in combination with the dry summers of western North America are the most likely environmental factors that limit species diversity in tree holes and that have selected for early recruitment (autumnal hatching) of A. sierrensis and for its univoltine life cycle from Mexico to Canada.

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Section: A Sierrensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Maciá¹,

Bradshaw²

2000

Oecologia

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“…However, this type of dormancy tends to occur in a single stage of the life-cycle for a given species [19, 29, 34]. Furthermore, in some species, diapause can occur in more than one stage, more precisely, between the embryonic and larval stages [36, 62, 76–78]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diapause and quiescence: dormancy mechanisms that contribute to the geographical expansion of mosquitoes and their evolutionary success

et al. 2017

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Mosquitoes are insects belonging to the order Diptera and family Culicidae. They are distributed worldwide and include approximately 3500 species, of which about 300 have medical and veterinary importance. The evolutionary success of mosquitoes, in both tropical and temperate regions, is due to the various survival strategies these insects have developed throughout their life histories. Of the many adaptive mechanisms, diapause and quiescence, two different types of dormancy, likely contribute to the establishment, maintenance and spread of natural mosquito populations. This review seeks to objectively and coherently describe the terms diapause and quiescence, which can be confused in the literature because the phenotypic effects of these mechanisms are often similar.

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“…Larvae begin hatching within a few hours of water accumulation and develop throughout the winter months. Once the fourth instar is attained, the larvae enter a developmental diapause and continue to feed until pupation is triggered in the spring by the increasing photoperiod and warmer temperatures (Jordan and Bradshaw 1978). After the adults emerge and mate, females seek blood meals from mammalian hosts, subsequently laying the eggs of the next generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalist Feeding Behaviors of Aedes sierrensis Larvae and Their Effects on Protozoan Populations

Eisenberg¹,

Washburn²,

Schreiber³

2000

Ecology

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The generalist feeding strategy of larvae of the western tree hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis, is central to understanding the community-level effects of the tritrophic interactions among mosquito larvae, midsized organisms (such as protozoa), and lowerlevel organisms (such as bacteria and fungi) in west coast phytotelmata. Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to characterize the feeding strategies of Ae. sierrensis larvae in the presence of multiple resource types (free-swimming protozoa and substratebound particulate material). In our experiment, we quantified the effects of varying instar numbers and profile, resource type, and refuge size on predation of protozoa. Refugia were explicitly modeled in our microcosms, representing the interstitial spaces of leaf litter and the wood lining of natural tree holes. Results from these microcosm experiments suggested that: (1) Even in the absence of larvae, the majority of protozoa resided in the small-volume, resource-rich refugia. There was, however, a strong nonlinear and negative relationship between larval densities in the upper compartment and the protozoan densities in the refuge, suggesting that there was continual movement of protozoa between the two spaces. (2) Fourth instars harvested resources by filter-feeding at a higher rate than second instars. (3) As the level of substrate-bound particulate food was increased, the predation pressure by filter-feeding on the protozoa decreased. (4) As the refuge volume increased, the predation pressure on the protozoa decreased.We constructed a three-state-variable mathematical model describing the generalist feeding behavior of Ae. sierrensis larvae. The model system, with constant predator densities and two prey groups, exhibited full cooperativity; i.e., an increase in protozoa density resulted in a shift toward predation by filter feeding, while an increase in substrate-bound resources resulted in a shift toward predation by browsing. This indirect mutualism is mechanistically distinct from previously published systems and provides a potential mechanism for protozoan persistence in the presence of larval predation.

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Geographic Variation in the Photoperiodic Response of the Western Tree-Hole Mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Diapause and quiescence: dormancy mechanisms that contribute to the geographical expansion of mosquitoes and their evolutionary success

Generalist Feeding Behaviors of Aedes sierrensis Larvae and Their Effects on Protozoan Populations

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