Geographic Variation in the Milkfish Chanos chanos. I. Biochemical Evidence

Winans, Gary A.

doi:10.2307/2408224

Cited by 76 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…No sample has been obtained from the African coast, but it is highly likely that there is at least one other population there. Winans (1980Winans ( , 1985 analyzed electrophoretic variation at 38 gene loci and morphological variation in six meristic and 19 morphometric characters in milkfish from 15 locations in the Pacific. He found both similarities and differences between the patterns of morphological variation and electrophoretic variation, a not unusual finding that shows the two may be independent.…”

Section: Variation Across the Zndo-pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Winans' morphometric data actually separate Tahiti from the equatorial Pacific group, although the electrophoretic data do not. Winans (1980Winans ( ,1985 did not know about the work of Senta & Kumagai (1977) and Senta (1982b), and did not include vertebrae among the meristic characters he studied on juveniles 9-37 cm FL. Winans (1985) found no significant meristic differences among samples, but multivariate analysis of morphometric characters showed Philippine milkfish to have smaller head features and larger tails than equatorial Pacific and Hawaiian specimens.…”

Section: Variation Across the Zndo-pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This last finding agrees with Smith (1978) reflects the high level of endemism that has occurred in the Hawaiian fish fauna, and may be due to the existence of a strong gyre in the lee of Hawaii Island. Winans (1980) concluded that oceanographic conditions affect gene flow among localities and determine in large part the magnitude of population differentiation in milkfish.…”

Section: Variation Across the Zndo-pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Villaluz (1979) and Villaluz & McCrimmon (1988) studied variation in nine meristic characters of milkfish larvae from five localities in the Philippines and found that the number of ventral fin rays differed sufficiently to suggest three distinct populations: South China Sea (110~0s and Panay samples), Pacific Ocean (Bicol sample), and Celebes Sea (Davao and Zamboanga samples). However, Winans (1980Winans ( , 1985 found that pondreared juvenile milkfish from eight localities around the Philippines were indistinguishable on the bases of protein electrophoresis and meristic characters, and except for one sample from Hamtik, Panay Island, also on the basis of morphometrics. Villaluz (1979), Winans (1985) and Villaluz & McCrimmon (1988) were not aware of each other's work.…”

Section: Variation Within the Philippinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Villaluz (1979), Winans (1985) and Villaluz & McCrimmon (1988) were not aware of each other's work. The homogeneity seen by Winans (1980Winans ( , 1985 for eight locations may have been due to the fact that milkfish larvae from all over the country get mixed during marketing and stocking in ponds, and juveniles harvested from one locality do not necessarily come from larvae collected from the same locality. Macaranas et al (1990) conducted further genetic work using juvenile milkfish raised from larvae of known source localities.…”

Section: Variation Within the Philippinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos

Bagarinao

1994

Environ Biol Fish

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SynopsisChanos chanos belongs to a monotypic gonorynchiform family and is most closely related to the freshwater Ostariophysi. The earliest gonorynchiforms occurred in the Cretaceous of Brazil and west Africa. Chanos occurred in the freshwater Eocene deposits of Europe and North America, and probably invaded the circumtropical Tethys Sea during transgression episodes. At present, milkfish occurs near continental shelves and around oceanic islands throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. Milkfish populations throughout the range show high genetic variation but low genetic divergence, similar to many other commercially important teleosts. The natural life history of milkfish is one of continual migration. Adults are relatively large (to 1.5 m or 15 kg), long-lived (to 15 years), pelagic and schooling. They spawn offshore near coral reefs or small islands. The eggs, embryos and larvae are pelagic and relatively larger than those of most marine species. Larvae 2 10 mm long and 2-3 weeks old move inshore via a combination of passive advection and active migration. Passing shore waters and surf zones, they settle in shallow-water depositional habitats such as mangrove swamps and coral lagoons, where they metamorphose and spend a few months as juveniles. Some juveniles may enter freshwater lakes where they grow into sub-adults but do not mature. Both small juveniles and large sub-adults go back to sea when they reach the size limit supportable by the habitat. Little else is known of the dynamics of wild populations of milkfish. A fishery on inshore larvae supports the centuries-old aquaculture of milkfish in southeast Asia. During the past ten years, milkfish have matured and spawned under various conditions of captivity, and hatcheries have produced larvae to supply the culture ponds. Much remains to be learned concerning the milkfish, particularly its ecology and physiology.

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Section: Variation Across the Zndo-pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%