Geographic Analysis of Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: Eastern Wisconsin, USA

Baumgardner, Dennis J; Schreiber, Andrea; Havlena, Jeffrey; Bridgewater, Farrin D.; Steber, Dale L.; Lemke, Melissa A

doi:10.2190/pm.40.4.a

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Another important finding in our study is that children who resided in less urbanized areas were less likely to have ADHD in later life. The geographic effect on the prevalence of ADHD was inconsistent in previous studies (Baumgardner et al., ; Cayce et al., ; Erol et al., ; Gau et al., ; Huss et al., ; Pillai et al., ; Scahill & Schwab‐Stone, ; Zahner et al., ). Pillai et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study

Chen

et al. 2013

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study

Chen

et al. 2013

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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“…For example, geographic studies have linked higher prevalence of ADHD with living at lower altitudes (10) and living in areas with lower solar intensity (11). At a community level, ADHD risk was found to be higher among children living further from a park in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, suggesting that the built environment may partially explain the uneven geographic distribution of ADHD (12). In Cape Cod, Massachusetts, a community to the east of New Bedford, Hoffman et al (13) observed decreasing odds of ADHD from north to south after adjusting for known risk factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Variability in ADHD-Related Behaviors Among Children Born to Mothers Residing Near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Vieira¹,

Fabian²,

Webster³

et al. 2017

American Journal of Epidemiology

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has an uncertain etiology, with potential contributions from different risk factors such as prenatal environmental exposure to organochlorines and metals, social risk factors, and genetics. The degree to which geographic variability in ADHD is independent of, or explained by, risk factors may provide etiological insight. We investigated determinants of geographic variation in ADHD-related behaviors among children living near the polychlorinated biphenyl–contaminated New Bedford Harbor (NBH) Superfund site in Massachusetts. Participants were 573 children recruited at birth (1993–1998) who were born to mothers residing near the NBH site. We assessed ADHD-related behaviors at age 8 years using Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised: Long Version. Adjusted generalized additive models were used to smooth the association of pregnancy residence with ADHD-related behaviors and assess whether prenatal organochlorine or metal exposures, sociodemographic factors, or other factors explained spatial patterns. Models that adjusted for child's age and sex displayed significantly increased ADHD-related behavior among children whose mothers resided west of the NBH site during pregnancy. These spatial patterns persisted after adjusting for prenatal exposure to organochlorines and metals but were no longer significant after controlling for sociodemographic factors. The findings underscore the value of spatial analysis in identifying high-risk subpopulations and evaluating candidate risk factors.

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“…Despite the polarisation of opinion regarding the prescribing patterns over time, little or no attention has been paid to the diagnosis and treatment of the condition in children with different racial and ethnic backgrounds in Australia. In the US, the occurrence and treatment of the condition has been found to vary with insurance status, 11 family structure 12 and geographic and demographic factors, 13 yet we know little about the possibility of such variations in Australia, where there is stronger policy support for universal access to healthcare.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring parental country of birth differences in the use of psychostimulant medications for ADHD: a whole‐population linked data study

Ghosh

Holman

Preen

2015

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To explore parental country of birth differences in the use of stimulants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Western Australian (WA) children and adolescents. Methods: Statutory WA stimulant notification and dispensing records from 2003 to 2007 were linked to whole‐population state data from 1980 to 2007. Parental attributes were obtained through the WA Family Connections genealogical linkage system. Using multivariate logistic and linear regression, the differences in WA stimulant use for ADHD by parental country of birth, socioeconomic status and geographical remoteness were examined. Results: Of 671,231 people born in WA between 1980 and 2007, 13,555 (2%) used stimulants for ADHD. Of these, 734 (5%) had parents born in Africa, Asia, the Middle East or South America, and 12,006 (87%) had parents born in Australia, North America and Europe. Children and adolescents with parents born in traditionally non‐Anglophonic countries were less likely to be treated with stimulants (OR=0.17, 95%CI 0.14–0.21) than those with parents born in Anglophonic countries. Socioeconomic advantage and residential remoteness were also significant independent predictors of a decreased likelihood of stimulant use. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of improving knowledge about cultural differences in access to and attitudes towards the diagnosis of ADHD and different approaches to its treatment.

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Geographic Analysis of Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: Eastern Wisconsin, USA

Abstract: Further studies are needed to determine if geographic distribution of ADHD diagnosis can be partially explained by differential efficiency of referral for diagnosis by school districts, by race/ethnicity, and/or built environment.

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study

Asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study

Spatial Variability in ADHD-Related Behaviors Among Children Born to Mothers Residing Near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Exploring parental country of birth differences in the use of psychostimulant medications for ADHD: a whole‐population linked data study

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