Geochemistry of thermal waters in the Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile – Implications for structural controls on geothermal fluid composition

Wrage, Jackie; Tardani, Daniele; Reich, Martín; Daniele, Linda; Arancibia, Gloria; Cembrano, José; Sánchez-Alfaro, Pablo; Morata, Diego; Pérez-Moreno, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.07.004

Cited by 53 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…ATFs also have been thought to control the Neogene forearc basin architecture and megathrust rupture segmentation associated with the seismic subduction cycle (Glodny et al, ; Melnick et al, ). Furthermore, deformation of the ATFs might be activated from megathrust earthquakes (Aron et al, ; Arriagada et al, ; Farías et al, ; Stanton‐Yonge et al, ), and may control crustal fluid migration within the intra‐arc region (Cembrano & Lara, ; Katz, ; Pérez‐Flores et al, ; Rivera & Cembrano, ; Roquer et al, ; Sánchez‐Alfaro et al, ; Sielfeld et al, ; Wrage et al, ).…”

Section: Tectonic Setting Of Southern Andesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ), in particular along the margin‐parallel Liquiñe‐Ofqui Fault System (LOFS), stratovolcanoes, minor eruptive centers, and geothermal features, are spatially related to the geometry and kinematics of long‐lived faults (Cembrano & Lara, ; Sánchez‐Alfaro et al, ). Additionally, for the long‐term geological record, margin‐parallel faults (i.e., LOFS) coexist with second order transverse‐to‐the‐arc oriented faults (Andean Transverse Faults, ATF; Aron et al, ; Kaizuka, ; Katz, ; Melnick et al, ; Yáñez et al, ; among others), developing a causal relationship with crustal fluid‐flow (Cembrano & Lara, ; Pérez‐Flores et al, , ; Sánchez‐Alfaro et al, ; Tardani et al, ; Wrage et al, ). Based on kinematic and dynamic analysis of fault‐slip data, Pérez‐Flores et al () suggest that bulk transpressional deformation is partially partitioned into variable orientations and scales within the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) of the Andean magmatic arc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile

2019

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We examine the intra-arc crustal seismicity of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone. Our aim is to resolve interseismic deformation in an active magmatic arc dominated by both margin-parallel (Liquiñe-Ofqui fault system, LOFS) and Andean transverse faults. Crustal seismicity provides information about the schizosphere tectonic state, delineating the geometry and kinematics of high strain domains driven by oblique-subduction. Here, we present local seismicity based on 16-month data collected from 34 seismometers monitoring a~200-km-long section of the Southern Volcanic Zone, including the Lonquimay and Villarrica volcanoes. We located 356 crustal events with magnitudes between M w 0.6 and M w 3.6. Local seismicity occurs at depths down to 40 km in the forearc and consistently shallower than 12 km beneath the volcanic chain, suggesting a convex shape of the crustal seismogenic layer bottom. Focal mechanisms indicate strike-slip faulting consistent with ENE-WSW shortening in line with the long-term deformation history revealed by structural geology studies. However, we find regional to local-scale variations in the shortening axes orientation as revealed by the nature and spatial distribution of microseismicity, within three distinctive latitudinal domains. In the northernmost domain, seismicity is consistent with splay faulting at the northern termination of the LOFS; in the central domain, seismicity distributes along ENE-and WNW-striking discrete faults, spatially associated with, hitherto seismic Andean transverse faults. The southernmost domain, in turn, is characterized by activity focused along a N15°E striking master branch of the LOFS. These observations indicate a complex strain compartmentalization pattern within the intra-arc crust, where variable strike-slip faulting dominates over dip-slip movements.Plain Language Summary In active volcanic chains, there is a strong interplay between deformation and volcanism. In this research, we take the "pulse" of active tectonics in a volcanic arc setting by measuring natural seismicity. We installed a network of 34 seismometers over 200 km along the volcanic arc in Southcentral Chile. Our results indicate active faulting in coherence with long-lived faults and the overall regional-scale stress regime. In fact, crustal regions in which faults are more active are spatially associated with inherited faults and with higher temperature gradient domains, as inferred from volcanic and geothermal activity. The maximum depth of seismicity is shallow (<12 km) in the central part of the volcanic arc, whereas is much deeper (~40 km) toward the forearc and back-arc regions. This observation suggests that elevated geothermal gradients lead to a thinner brittle portion of crust, which is then mechanically easier to (re-)break up. Our results can be used for understanding the way by which faulting interacts with crustal fluids, which in turn may help improving geothermal exploration strategies and seismic hazard assessment. Furthermore, seismicity reveals detailed information on how...

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Section: Tectonic Setting Of Southern Andesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile

2019

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“…Regarding the sulphates, they are originated due to the mixture of surface water and magmatic vapor or steam condensation. In fact, such a vapor contains abundant volatile compounds of H 2 S and CO 2 which, when emerging through groundwater to the surface, produce the oxidation of H 2 S to H 2 SO 4 [5,6,15,41] (see equations (2) and 3…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The origin of sulfur is attributed to the degasification of magma or leaching of rocks, influencing the chemistry of thermal fluids [2]. Hot springs are characterized in their composition by the content of ions and trace elements which are dissolved due to chemical reactions, cation exchange, hydrolysis, natural processes, and redox processes among others, carried out during the water-rock interaction [2][3][4], which establish a thermal character [5,6]. These natural resources are of great relevance for the geothermal and tourism industry [7,8], mainly in the development of spa and health tourism, keeping in mind that these natural resources have combined customs and traditions of many regional cultures over time [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical-Chemical Characterization and Mineralogic Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Located in the Coconuco and the San Juan Sectors in Cauca, Colombia

Torres-Cerón

Acosta-Medina

2019

Geofluids

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Hot springs of the volcanic zones are characterized for having high sulfur content in the form of sulphate and other ions resulting from chemical reactions. Sources with these types of elements are of great interest for the tourism and geothermal industry because of their highlighted properties which include therapeutic treatments, relaxation baths, agricultural applications, and preservation of flora and fauna among others. For these reasons, research oriented to carry out the characterization of these factors is of great importance to determine the availability of places with such characteristics. This work shows the characterization of 17 hot spring sources located in the Coconuco and San Juan sectors (Cauca, Colombia, South America). Water samples were taken in May 2017, and laboratory analyses were carried out by the Water Laboratory at Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Manizales, based on the Standard Methods (APHA-AWWA-WEF). Rock samples were taken in November 2017, and laboratory analyses were carried out by the GMAS+ Laboratory (Bogotá, Colombia). The Piper, Stiff, and ternary (Giggenbach) diagrams were used for the classification of major ions. Mineralogy composition was determined through XRD and XRF. Results indicate that most sources are of the sulphated type according to the anions and of the calcium type according to the cations. In concordance with Giggenbach diagrams, most of the sources are immature waters and, despite their interaction with rocks, they have not achieved the equilibrium. Likewise, these sources are of heated vapor type and, considering that they consist of sulphated acid sources, it is not possible to evaluate the reservoir temperatures from Na/K cations. The low Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in the sources indicates the lack of direct migration of fluids and the high content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ regarding Na+ and K+, which suggests that fluids possibly are mixed with cold waters rich in Ca2+ and Mg2+. From the mineralogic characterization, it was observed that volcanic rocks are composed of cristobalite and albite with TiO2, Fe2O3, and CaO traces and mineral sulfur. Metals like Cr, considered in this case as contaminants, are found in low concentrations in rocks and are not detected in these waters.

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“…15). Hydrothermal fluids are regarded as one of the sources of fluid-mobile elements such as B and Li discharged from volcanic systems to the surrounding environments (Arnórsson and Andrésdóttir, 1995;James et al 1999;Scholz et al 2010;Wrage et al 2017). It could be suggested that the observed higher contents of B…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of fluids discharged from mud volcanoes in SE Iran

Babadi

Mehrabi

Tassi

et al. 2019

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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Geochemistry of thermal waters in the Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile – Implications for structural controls on geothermal fluid composition

Cited by 53 publications

References 52 publications

Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile

Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile

Physical-Chemical Characterization and Mineralogic Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Located in the Coconuco and the San Juan Sectors in Cauca, Colombia

Origin of fluids discharged from mud volcanoes in SE Iran

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