Geochemistry of the Dissolved Load of the Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India: Anthropogenic Impacts and Chemical Weathering

Abstract

The Ramganga basin is an important sub-catchment of the Ganga River to study the wide-scale effects of human-induced changes on geochemical processes. The basin inhabits pristine locations in the upstream and dense human establishments in the floodplain region. Furthermore, the entrapment of upstream sediments in the Kalagarh Dam aids in creating different geochemical regimes. To reveal the geochemical heterogeneity over the multi-spatial and temporal scale, controlling factors (natural and anthropogenic), and source end-members, dissolved load samples were collected during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon season of the year 2014. Major cations and anions data were analyzed using principal component analysis and mass-balancing equations-based forward modeling to quantify the contribution from the atmosphere, rock weathering, and anthropogenic sources. The results show that chemical weathering predominates the dilution effect during the pre- and post-monsoon season. A high level of pollution prevails during the non-monsoon season and particularly in floodplain tributaries. Anthropogenic sources contribute up to 42% of the dissolved load composition, whereas silicate and carbonate weathering predominantly contributes 93 and 82% of the dissolved load. Further, the silicate weathering rate (4.9 t km−2 y−1) is higher than the carbonate weathering rate and efficiently uptakes an average of 3.5 × 105 mol km−2 y−1 of CO2. The findings revealed the extent of geochemical heterogeneity and controlling factors influencing the element flux, weathering rates, and chemical transportation over multi-spatial and temporal scales.

Application of best subset method for river water quality modeling: A study on Godavari River, India

“…River water quality parameters undergo dynamic changes during monsoon and post‐monsoon periods due to factors such as distribution, solubility, exchange capacity, selectivity of minerals, and their interdependence. Researchers worldwide have conducted numerous studies to investigate the hydrochemical and geochemical characteristics of river water as a means to assess water quality on a global scale (Boral et al., 2020; Gozzi & Buccianti, 2022; Gupta et al., 2020, 2023; Khan et al., 2022; Sharma et al., 2022; Vuba et al., 2015).…”

“…Researchers worldwide have conducted numerous studies to investigate the hydrochemical and geochemical characteristics of river water as a means to assess water quality on a global scale (Boral et al, 2020;Gozzi & Buccianti, 2022;Gupta et al, 2020Gupta et al, , 2023Khan et al, 2022;Sharma et al, 2022;Vuba et al, 2015).…”

The Land–Water–Energy Nexus of Ruzizi River Dams (Lake Kivu Outflow, African Great Lakes Region): Status, Challenges, and Perspectives

“…Geochemical studies of river basins have helped constrain exogenic cycles of elements in the continent-river-lake-ocean system (Giridharan et al, 2010;Khan et al, 2022). The hydrogeochemical properties of water are important factors determining its suitability for domestic use, irrigation and industrial purposes.…”

“…The hydrogeochemical properties of water are important factors determining its suitability for domestic use, irrigation and industrial purposes. Interactions of water with lithologic units control water chemistry and quality (Subramani et al, 2009;Khan et al, 2022). Khan et al (2022) reported that discharge and human activities within the basin were among the major factors responsible for temporal and spatial variation in sediment discharge of the Ramganga River (India).…”

“…Interactions of water with lithologic units control water chemistry and quality (Subramani et al, 2009;Khan et al, 2022). Khan et al (2022) reported that discharge and human activities within the basin were among the major factors responsible for temporal and spatial variation in sediment discharge of the Ramganga River (India). Several approaches have been used to assess the chemical status of water quality in rivers (Tsegaye et al, 2006;Möller et al, 2007).…”