Geochemical variations of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from different provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their genetic control

Halbach, Peter; Hebisch, Udo; Scherhag, Christoph

doi:10.1016/0009-2541(81)90067-x

Cited by 63 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Nodules are therefore thought to have formed in an analogous manner to those in the equatorial N. Pacific; they are, however, not found buried within the dark brown clay horizon because the sedimentation rate was too low but are found within the yellowish brown clay. The plot of Mn/Fe ratio of these nodules against the Ni + Cu content [57,58] shows a clear maximum of the Ni + Cu contents at a Mn/Fe ratio of about 5. This indicates that two processes are involved in controlling nodule composition in the Peru Basin, proximity to the equatorial Pacific high productivity zone (giving rise to the biogenic enrichment of Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn in the nodules) and selective fractionation of Mn from Fe and other transition elements due to the remobilization of Mn within the sediment column.…”

Section: Peru Basin Nodulesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

et al. 1982

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An attempt is made to outline a satisfactory general theory for the formation of Pacific deep-sea manganese nodules based on a consideration of the time of initiation of formation of the nodules, a mechanism of maintenance of the nodules at the sediment surface and the role of biological productivity of the surface waters in influencing nodule characteristics. Using this model, the principal physical, chemical and distributional features of the nodules and reasons for their differences on a regional scale in the Pacific can be interpreted.

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Section: Peru Basin Nodulesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

et al. 1982

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“…1). Subsequently, Aplin & Cronan (1985), Halbach & Puteanus (1988) and references therein, and others, refined our knowledge of the effect of depth on the composition of marine ferromanganese oxide deposits in general, principally Co-rich crusts but also nodules, showing that several other elements exhibit depth variations albeit not as great as for the elements mentioned above. Another way of expressing the compositional variability of manganese nodules is in relation to their depositional environments.…”

Section: Nature Of Compositional Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Nodules in the tropical South Pacific have been studied by a number of workers including Mero (1965), Cronan & Tooms (1969), Price & Calvert (1970), Piper & Williamson (1977), Usui (1984), Halbach et al (1981), Cronan (1984Cronan ( , 1987, Cronan et al (1991b, c), Cronan & Hodkinson (1994) and others; reviews on some of this work have been written by Exon (1983), Cronan (1984Cronan ( , 1987 and Glasby et al (1986). The present review seeks to expand on these earlier ones.…”

Section: Regional Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some controls on the geochemical variability of manganese nodules with particular reference to the tropical South Pacific

Cronan

1996

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Superimposed on traditional controls on manganese nodule compositional variability, such as metal source and nodule mineralogy, are additional controls related to biological productivity, water depth, the depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) and the nature of the associated sediments. Fluxes of Mn, Ni, and Cu to the nodules increase in equatorial regions of high biological productivity but high values of these metals in south equatorial Pacific nodules appear to occur only within about 200 m of the CCD. This is thought to result from the concentration of labile organic matter there, the decay of which fuels the diagenetic reactions leading to Mn, Ni, and Cu enrichment in the nodules. However, this process appears to be at its most intense on the flanks of the South Pacific equatorial high productivity zone. Under the most highly productive waters, Mn, Ni, and Cu rich nodules do not occur at any depth nor are nodules abundant there. This is thought to be due to the presence of biogenic silica, the concentration of which is not depth dependent, as the main diluent of the labile organic material at depths near and below the CCD under the most highly productive waters.

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“…All analysed layers of the three crusts fall within the hydrogenetic category defined by a conventional ternary plot, using end members of Fe-Mn-10 * (Ni + Cu) [20,21] (Supplementary Fig. 1 in the Appendix).…”

Section: Chemical Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for hydrothermal venting in Fe isotope compositions of the deep Pacific Ocean through time

Chu

Johnson

Beard

et al. 2006

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Temporal variations in Fe isotope compositions at three locations in the Pacific Ocean over the last 10 Ma are inferred from high-resolution analyses of three hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. Iron pathways to the central deep Pacific Ocean appear to have remained constant over the past 10 Ma, reflected by a remarkably constant Fe isotope composition, despite large changes in the Fe delivery rates to the surface ocean via dust. These results suggest that the Fe cycle in the deep ocean is decoupled from that in surface waters. By contrast, one ferromanganese crust from the Izu-Bonin (IB) back-arc/marginal basin of the W. Pacific exhibits large δ 56 Fe variations. In that crust, decreases in δ 56 Fe values correlate with increases in Mn, Mg, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, and V contents, and consistent with periods of intense hydrothermal input and increased growth rates. A second crust located within 100 km of the first IB sample does not record any of these periods of enhanced hydrothermal input. This probably reflects the isolated pathways

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Geochemical variations of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from different provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their genetic control

Cited by 63 publications

References 9 publications

Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

Some controls on the geochemical variability of manganese nodules with particular reference to the tropical South Pacific

Evidence for hydrothermal venting in Fe isotope compositions of the deep Pacific Ocean through time

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