Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

Glasby, G. P.; Stoffers, Peter; Sioulas, A.; Thijssen, T.; Friedrich, G.

doi:10.1007/bf02462799

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Polymetallic nodules are also known as manganese nodules or ferromanganese nodules because of their high manganese and iron content and the concentration of other heavy metals, such as copper and nickel (Margolis and Burns, 1976). They can be found in many regions in the vast ocean at water depths ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 m, but they mainly aggregate in CCFZ areas as mature and large nodules (Glasby et al, 1982). The mechanism of formation of manganese nodules is as yet unclear, but the function of microbes and the impact of physical and chemical factors in the abyssal environment are critical (Wang and Müller, 2009;Wang et al, 2009aWang et al, , 2009b.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial diversity in the sediment from polymetallic nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

Wang

Liao

et al. 2010

J Microbiol.

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The Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) is located in the northeastern equatorial Pacific and contains abundant polymetallic nodules. To investigate its bacterial diversity, four libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed from sediments of four stations in different areas of the CCFZ. In total, 313 clones sequenced from the 4 libraries were assigned into 14 phylogenetic groups and 1 group of 28 unclassified bacteria. High bacterial diversity was predicted by the rarefaction analysis. The most dominant group overall was Proteobacteria, but there was variation in each library: Gammaproteobacteria was the most dominant group in two libraries, E2005-01 and ES0502, while Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria were the most dominant groups in libraries EP2005-03 and WS0505, respectively. Seven groups, including Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, were common to all four libraries. The remaining minor groups were distributed in libraries with different patterns. Most clones sequenced in this study were clustered with uncultured bacteria obtained from the environment, such as the ocean crust and marine sediment, but only distantly related to isolates. Bacteria involved in the cycling of metals, sulfur and nitrogen were detected, and their relationship with their habitat was discussed. This study sheds light on the bacterial communities associated with polymetallic nodules in the CCFZ and provides primary data on the bacterial diversity of this area.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial diversity in the sediment from polymetallic nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

Wang

Liao

et al. 2010

J Microbiol.

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“…1982)-a contention supported by the paucity of radiolaria and siliceous sponge spiculcs in the > 63 | 0.m fraction of the associated red clays. Nevertheless, the characteristics of nodules atQ583 and their environmental setting are typical for the South-western Pacific region as outlined by Glasby et al (1982). These workers note two nodule facies within the region, (i) the South-western Pacific Basin facies in the vicinity of the Circumpolar Current, and (ii) the Cook Island facies.…”

Section: East Of Bollons Seamount (Q583)mentioning

confidence: 93%

New occurrences of manganese nodules in the South‐western Pacific Basin, east of New Zealand

Carter¹

1989

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Manganese nodules were recovered from 2 new sites, 1020-1220 km south-east of New Zealand. This discovery extends the northern limit of a nodule belt, formed along the base of the Campbell Plateau, to latitude 49°S and probably to 48°S where the belt is curtailed by sediments of the Bounty Fan. The first site is within New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and occupies a 4760 m deep channel in Bollons Gap separating the plateau from Bollons Scamount. Here, small (1-3 cm diameter), free-standing nodules arc concentrated mainly within depressions between mounds of sandy sediment. Bcdforms indicate this sediment has been eroded, presumably by a deep western boundary current as it intensifies through Bollons Gap. The second site is outside the EEZ, near the 5100 m deep, eastern base of Bollons Scamount. While still within the path of the western boundary current, the flow is slower than at the first site judging by the presence of "red clays". Nodules here are larger (4-8 cm), more spheroidal, and more densely packed, forming a distinctly nodularpavement with few free-standing nodules. The economic potential of these deposits is considered low by present mining criteria because of the low to moderate concentrations of nodules and their low copper (0.11-0.16%), nickel (0.15-0.22%), and cobalt (0.21-0.25%) contents.

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“…Glasby and collaborators (Glasby, 1978(Glasby, , 1986(Glasby, , 1988Glasby et al, 1982) emphasized that the formation and growth of manganese oxide are closely related to the development of the AABW on the basis of the distribution of surficial and fossil manganese nodules with respect to the stratigraphy of the sedimentary column. It is reasonable to consider that the inflow of oxic water to the deepsea floor, as is the case with the AABW, produces favorable geochemical and environmental conditions for manganese oxide formation.…”

Section: Formation Of Manganese Nodules and Crustsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoceanographic Setting and Preservation of Buried Manganese Deposits in DSDP/ODP Cores

Ito¹,

Komuro

2006

Resource Geology

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Abstract:The occurrence, lithology, and stratigraphic setting of buried manganese deposits and associated host sediments in cores obtained on Legs 123-210 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) are examined in order to establish the formative environment and conditions of preservation. Fossil manganese nodule and crusts are found to have formed or deposited throughout the period from 100 Ma to the present, with an additional example of formation near 137 Ma, suggesting that the deepsea environment has been oxic and suitable for the formation of manganese nodules and crusts since the Cretaceous. Many manganese nodules and crusts occur on horizons corresponding to hiatuses in sedimentation or periods of slow sedimentation, consistent with the environment in which modern nodules form (sedimentation rate less than 10 m/m.y.). Sediments overlying the fossil nodules and crusts are oozes or biogenic sediments with sedimentation rates of 1-18 m/m.y. Low total organic carbon (<0.1 wt%) in the overlying sediments and high sulfate content (>25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese horizon suggest that no strong reduction occurred within the overlying sediments. Coverage by biogenic sediments containing only small amounts of organic matter is therefore considered important for the preservation of manganese nodules and crusts. Manganese carbonate occurs sporadically as nodules, concretions or thin layers in various host sediments, including clay, calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze with sedimentation rates of 6-125 m/m.y. Hiatuses are rare around the host sediments of manganese carbonate. Higher total organic carbon (0.2-1.8 wt%) in the host sediments and lower sulfate content (0-25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese carbonate horizon suggest that reduction in association with decomposition of organic matter would have proceeded in the host sediments.

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Manganese nodule formation in the Pacific Ocean: a general theory

Cited by 51 publications

References 47 publications

Bacterial diversity in the sediment from polymetallic nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

Bacterial diversity in the sediment from polymetallic nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

New occurrences of manganese nodules in the South‐western Pacific Basin, east of New Zealand

Paleoceanographic Setting and Preservation of Buried Manganese Deposits in DSDP/ODP Cores

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