Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh

Abstract

objectives Characterisation of resistance phenotype and genotype is crucial to understanding the burden and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to determine the spectrum of AMR and associated genes encoding aminoglycoside, macrolide and b-lactam classes of antimicrobials in bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh. methods 430 bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory, intestinal, wound infections and typhoid fever, presenting to clinical care from 2015 to 2019, were examined. They included Escherichia coli (n = 85); Staphylococcus aureus (n = 84); Salmonella typhi (n = 82); Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 42); Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 36); coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 28); Enterococcus faecalis (n = 27); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 26); and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 20). Reconfirmation of these clinical isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility tests was performed. PCR amplification using resistance gene-specific primers was done, and the amplified products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. results 53% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), including 97% of Escherichia coli. There was a year-wise gradual increase in MDR isolates from 2015 to 2018, and there was an almost twofold increase in the number of MDR strains isolated in 2019 (P = 0.00058). Among the 5 extended-spectrum b-lactamases investigated, CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent (63%) followed by NDM-1 (22%); Escherichia coli was the major reservoir of these genes. The ermB (55%) and aac(6 0 )-Ib (35%) genes were the most frequently detected macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance genes, respectively. conclusion MDR pathogens are highly prevalent in hospital settings of Bangladesh.

Antimicrobial Activity of Apis mellifera Bee Venom Collected in Northern Peru

“…E. coli is responsible for a large number of virulent variants associated with human diseases, such as urinary tract infection (UTI) with a resistance rate of >55% to first to fourth-generation cephalosporins [ 16 ], neonatal and traveler’s diarrhea [ 17 ], and multiresistant isolates (MDRs) the most prevalent genes being CTX-M-1, followed by NDM-1 for Betalactamases and the genes ermB and aac(6′)-Ib for resistance to macrolides and aminoglycosides [ 18 ]. E. coli is frequently discharged into the environment through feces, including wastewater, and is considered an indicator of fecal contamination.…”

Genomic landscape of prominent XDR Acinetobacter clonal complexes from Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…baumannii (ACB) complex, pose a significant public health burden due to their association with hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Among ACB complex pathogens, A. baumannii is frequently encountered in intensive care units (ICUs) of hospitals where it usually infects debilitated patients with impaired host defences and disrupted normal flora [ 1 ]. A. baumannii most commonly manifests in hospital-acquired pneumonia and bloodstream infections while also contributing to urinary tract infections, meningitis and wound infections.…”

“…In contrast, there are no genome-scale comparative studies of A. baumannii strains in Bangladesh where Acinetobacter spp. has been reported as a common causative agent of nosocomial infections [1,11]. To date, most studies on clinical Acinetobacter from Bangladesh have focused only on specific infection types or genes [12][13][14].…”