Genotype x environment interaction in the uptake of Cs and Sr from soils by plants

Abstract

Summary ± ZusammenfassungThe soil-plant transfer factors for Cs and Sr were analyzed in relationship to soil properties, crops, and varieties of crops. Two crops and two varieties of each crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Salad Bowl Green and cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cv. French Breakfast 3 and cv. Scarlet Globe, were grown on five different soils amended with Cs and Sr to give concentrations of 1 mg kg ±1 and 50 mg kg ±1 of each element. Soil-plant transfer coefficients ranged between 0.12±19.10 (Cs) and 1.48±146.10 (Sr) for lettuce and 0.09±13.24 (Cs) and 2.99±93.00 (Sr) for radish. Uptake of Cs and Sr by plants depended on both plant and soil properties. There were significant (P £ 0.05) differences between soil-plant transfer factors for each plant type at the two soil concentrations. At each soil concentration about 60 % of the variance in the uptake of the Cs and Sr was due to soil properties. For a given concentration of Cs or Sr in soil, the most important factor effecting soil-plant transfer of these elements was the soil properties rather than the crops or varieties of crops. Therefore, for the varieties considered here, soil-plant transfer of Cs and Sr would be best regulated through the management of soil properties. At each concentration of Cs and Sr, the main soil properties effecting the uptake of Cs and Sr by lettuce and radish were the concentrations of K and Ca, pH and CEC. Together with the concentrations of contaminants in soils, they explained about 80 % of total data variance, and were the best predictors for soil-plant transfer. The different varieties of lettuce and radish gave different responses in soil-plant transfer of Cs and Sr in different soil conditions, i.e. genotype x environment interaction caused about 30 % of the variability in the uptake of Cs and Sr by plants. This means that a plant variety with a low soil-plant transfer of Cs and Sr in one soil could have an increased soil-plant transfer factor in other soils. The broad implications of this work are that in contaminated agricultural lands still used for plant growing, contaminant-excluding crop varieties may not be a reliable method for decreasing contaminant transfer to foodstuffs. Modification of soil properties would be a more reliable technique. This is particularly relevant to agricultural soils in the former USSR still affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster. Wechselwirkungen Genotyp x Umwelt im Hinblick auf die Aufnahme von Cs und Sr aus Böden durch PflanzenDie Transferfaktoren von Cs und Sr vom Boden zur Pflanze wurden in Zusammenhang mit den Bodeneigenschaften, der Fruchtart und der Sorte untersucht. Zwei Fruchtarten mit je zwei Sorten: Salat (Lactua sativa L.) cv. Salad Bowl Green und cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, und Rettich (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. French Breakfast 3 und cv. Scarlet Globe, wurden in fünf verschiedenen Böden, die mit Cs und Sr in Konzentrationen von je 1 mg kg ±1 und 50 mg kg ±1 angereichert wurden, untersucht. Die Boden-Pflanze-Transferkoeffizienten vari...

Intra-cultivar variability of the soil-to-grain transfer of fallout 137Cs and 90Sr for winter wheat

“…Laboratory experiments can be performed with very small uncertainties in measuring the radionuclides but the results of greenhouse experiments (Melnitchouck and Hodson, 2004) were similar to those of the present study showing cultivar contributions of <10% to the total variance. Radionuclide accumulation can be modulated by many microenvironmental factors such as water homoeostasis, local temperature and supply of other minerals, and multiple genetic factors are involved in regulating uptake under different conditions (White and Broadley, 2000).…”

“…This is in full agreement with the results of greenhouse experiments by Melnitchouck and Hodson (2004) using Cs and Sr as (non-radioactive) elements, lettuce and radish as crops, two cultivars of each crop, five soils of different properties and three replicates for each combination. According to their ANOVA the variability of the soil-to-plant transfer of both elements was caused mainly by the soil type (about 60%) and the genotype  environment interaction (28e37%, corresponding to the cultivar  field interaction in this study).…”

“…These findings are not surprising considering the extensive literature on the relationship between the CR of radionuclides or corresponding elements and soil properties (e.g. Strebl et al, 2002;Melnitchouck and Hodson, 2004;Djingova et al, 2005;Soudek et al, 2006;IAEA, 2006: for reviews see Nisbet et al, 1999, andCierjacks andAlbers, 2004). Many relations reported in these studies are valid at specific sites but not at others even for the same soil type.…”

134Cs uptake by four plant species and Cs–K relations in the soil–plant system as affected by Ca(OH)2 application to an acid soil

“…Most of the existing evidence suggests that there is a correlation of Cs uptake with soil pH, clay content, soil potassium (K)-status and clay minerals (Schuller et al, 1988;Skarlou et al, 1996Skarlou et al, , 1999Gerzabek et al, 1998;Massas et al, 2002;Kruse-Irmer and Gianni, 2003;Rahman and Voigt, 2004;Melnitchouck and Hodson, 2004). Liming of acid soils is also reported to provide an effective countermeasure to reduce Cs availability to plants (Jackson and Nisbet, 1990;Lembrechts, 1993;Nisbet et al, 1993;Avery, 1996;Putyatin and Seraya, 2007;Monna et al, 2009;Zibold et al, 2009).…”

Effects of soil limestone and foliar manganese and zinc applications on field cauliflower growth and element contents

“…Strontium (Sr), which is ubiquitous in soils and has characteristics very similar to Ca, has been used as an isotopic and non-isotopic tracer and has toxic implications (Poszwa et al 2002;Szalai et al 2002;Pecha´ckovaé t al. 2003;Taylor et al 2003;Tsialtas et al 2003;Melnitchouck and Hodson 2004;Ne´meth et al 2006;Rosen et al 2006). Rubidium (Rb) is also present in soils and has characteristics similar to K (Hawkes and Casper 2002;Kelly et al 2002;Yao et al 2003;Vallejo et al 2005).…”