Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies

Bolognesi, Claudia

doi:10.1016/s1383-5742(03)00015-2

Cited by 605 publications

(403 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Because agrochemicals are generally considered toxic, it is not surprising that some of the commonly used agents have been associated with or linked to various human disorders [81][82][83][84][85], especially after longer term, high exposure. Researchers have shown some amounts of these agrochemicals to be present in water in small quantities (except phosphate in higher quantities in reservoir water) some of the affected areas [4,30,68,69], but no data exist indicating that any of these chemicals directly causing CKD-mfo [86][87][88].…”

Section: Agrochemical (Pesticides and Weedicides) Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Wimalawansa

2014

Environ Health Prev Med

125

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During the last two decades, Sri Lanka, located close to the equator, has experienced an escalating incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown aetiology (CKDue) in dry zonal areas. Similar incidences of unusual CKDs have been reported in the dry zonal, agricultural areas of several other equatorial countries. In Sri Lanka, the incidence of CKDue is highest in the North Central Province (NCP), where approximately 45 % of the country's paddy fields are located. However, in recent years, the disease has spread into areas adjacent to as well as distant from the NCP. The cause of CKD in Sri Lanka is unknown, and may likely due to interactions of different potential agents; thus, CKD is of multi-factorial origin (CKD-mfo). These factors include, the negative effects from overuse of agrochemicals. Nevertheless, the potential interactions and synergism between probable agents have not been studied. This systematic review discusses the proposed hypotheses and causes of CKD-mfo in Sri Lanka, and ways to decrease the incidence of this disease and to eradicate it, and provide some recommendations. During the past decade, a number of groups have investigated this disorder using different methodologies and reported various correlations, but failed to find a cause. Research has focussed on the contamination of water with heavy metals, agrochemicals, hard water, algae, ionicity, climate change, and so forth. Nevertheless, the levels of any of the pollutants or conditions reported in water in NPC are inconsistent not correlated with the prevalence of the disease, and are too low to be the sole cause of CKD-mfo. Meanwhile, several nephrotoxins prevalent in the region, including medications, leptospirosis, toxic herbs, illicit alcohol, locally grown tobacco, and petrochemicals, as well as the effects of changed habits occured over the past four decades have not been studied to date. Taken together, the geographical distribution and overall findings indicate that combinations of factors and/or their interactions are likely to precipitate CKD-mfo, which kills more than 5,000 people annually in Sri Lanka; most victims are middleaged male farmers. Much anecdotal evidence from this region suggests that consumption of contaminated water is the most likely source of this deadly disease. Although the aetiology is unknown, prevention of this ''environmentally acquired'' disease seems relatively straightforward. Solutions include (a) preventing environmental pollution, (b) stopping the irresponsible use and decreasing the usage of agrochemicals, and encouraging the use of environmentally friendly agricultural methods, (c) taking proper precautions when using agrochemicals and safe disposal of their containers, (d) changing the risky behaviour of farmers and educating them to preserve the environment, and (e) providing clean potable water to all affected regions. Implementing a well-coordinated, in-depth, region-wide, broad-based research study together with a long-term effective surveillance programme across the country i...

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Section: Agrochemical (Pesticides and Weedicides) Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Wimalawansa

2014

Environ Health Prev Med

125

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“…There is a strong opinion that SCEs occur by reciprocal exchanges between sister chromatids in cells exposed to genotoxic agents. However, the sensitivity of SCE is lower than those of the CA test in detecting genotoxic effects related to xenobiotic exposure (Bolognesi 2003). Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes is a relevant biomarker for cancer risk in humans, reflecting either early biological effect of genotoxic carcinogens or individual cancer susceptibility while no association was seen between SCE frequency and subsequent cancer incidence/ mortality (Hagmar et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract on mitomycin-C induced chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes

et al. 2006

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In this investigation, clastogenic effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract (TE) and anticlastogenic effects of this extract against Mitomycin C (MMC) induced chromosome damage have been evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first, only 10 -5 , 10 -4 , 10 -3 and 10 -2 ll ml -1 concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to detect potential clastogenicity. In the second, MMC (0.38 lg ml -1 ) plus 10 -5 , 10 -4 , 10 -3 and 10 -2 ll ml -1 concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to determine anticlastogenic effects. TE did not increase sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) (except 10 -2 ll ml concentration) and chromosome aberrations (CAs) significantly compared with negative and solvent controls. However, it decreased the frequency of MMC induced chromosome aberrations. Decreasing was significant at 10 -4 , 10 -3 and 10 -2 ll ml -1 concentrations. On the other hand, TE significantly increased MMC-induced SCEs for all treatment groups compared with positive control.

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“…An important side effect of the use of pesticides is the potential harm they can cause to humans and the environment. In recent years there has been an increasing concern that pesticides constitute a risk to the general human population through residues in the food supply (Bolognesi, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modelling and Experimental Measurements of Pesticides Dispersion in a Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

Kittas¹,

Katsoulas²,

Tsiropoulos³

et al. 2008

Acta Hortic.

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In the present study a commercial CFD code was used in order to investigate the dispersion of a pesticide inside an arch type tunnel greenhouse with continuous side vents. The greenhouse was cultivated with a tomato crop planted in double rows, which, during the period of measurements had a height of 1.5 m. In parallel, measurements were carried out in order to experimentally determine the decay rate of pesticide concentration. Air samples were continuously taken at seven points inside the greenhouse (six air pumps and one gas analyser). In the 3D numerical model calculations were done for several wind directions and wind speeds, using the experimental values as boundary conditions. The final solution for every case of wind direction and wind velocity was obtained, firstly by a converge solution under steady -state condition; and secondly by an unsteady one, where at the time which equals to zero the air volume in the experimental greenhouse was considered to contain a mixture consisting of air and the used pesticide. The simulation results that were in the same order of magnitude with the experimental values only during the first 5-6 minutes of unsteady solution and only qualitatively good agreement for the rest time, while the decay process was simulated. Even if different wind characteristics, as boundary conditions, were introduced in the CFD model every minute, the agreement remained in a qualitative level, showing that the concentration of the pesticide inside the greenhouse is a function not only of the greenhouse ventilation rate but also of the pesticide evaporation-volatilisation rate from the greenhouse crop, soil and cover surfaces. As the simulation model almost always underestimates the concentration levels inside the greenhouse, more investigation has to be carried out in order to obtain better agreement between measured and estimated values of pesticide concentration inside the greenhouse.

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Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies

Cited by 605 publications

References 115 publications

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract on mitomycin-C induced chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes

Numerical Modelling and Experimental Measurements of Pesticides Dispersion in a Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

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