Genotoxic damage in oral epithelial cells induced by fluoride in drinking-water on students of Tula de Allende, Hidalgo, Mexico

Abstract

Fluoride (F -) compounds are present on the earth's surface, water, volcanoes and are also a product of petrochemical and cement industries. Little amounts of F -are required for the formation of bones and enamel, however, according to World Health Organization (WHO), ingestion of over 1.5 mg/L of F -may be a health hazard due to the toxic effects on the kidney, liver and it may also cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. The aim of this study is to compare the genotoxic damage in cell of oral epithelium detected by (the) comet assay, through a population of scholars from two communities located in the city of Tula; one consuming high concentration of F -from drinking-water San Miguel Vindhó (SMV) and the other with levels under the limit La Malinche (LaM). 113 (students) teenagers between the ages of 12 to 15 were selected to obtain epithelial cells by internal cheek brushing. 30 of them were selected (from) by the dental clinic service of the Health Science Institute (UAEH, Mexico) as negative and positive control groups before and after professional appliance of sodium fluoride (NaF) (2%). 31 from LaM and 52 from SMV. 200 cells per person were analyzed to measure tail moment, tail length. Visual scoring was used to classify results according to degrees of damage. These results showed a significant difference between the populations, indicating very low basic damage in both the negative control group and LaM and severe damage in both the exposed population and the positive control group. These results indicate that high levels of F -may be the cause of genotoxicity in oral epithelial cells.

Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia Essential Oils

“…Cytotoxicity assays were done using human epithelial cells obtained after scrubbing with interdental brushes the internal oral mucosa of both right and left cheeks from healthy non-smoker volunteers, as described 34 and samples were transported on 1X PBS. From an original cellular suspension, seven aliquots of 100 μl were taken and separated on sterile tubes; first tube was the untreated control, other tubes were treated with 10 μl of each concentration described on Table 1 .…”

Dental fluorosis: a review

“…In Mexico, a special geographical distribution has been found, see in the Figure 1, that crosses the states of San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Querétaro, and Coahuila, seventeen states in the central, northwest and southwest of the Mexico present natural fluorine contamination in groundwater and its presence has been associated with rocks with quartz, feldspars, fluorite and apatite. [3][4][5] In Mexico, states such as Durango and Chihuahua where dental fluorosis is considered endemic, up to 9.23 mg/L of fluorides have been reported in tap water. 6 Vázquez-Bojórquez et al published in its review study in 2022 that the fluoride content in tap and bottled water in Mexico, particularly in northern and western region, represents a public health problem since levels are above 1.5 mg/L.…”