Genomic organization and functional characterization of the mouse <i>GalR1</i> galanin receptor

Wang, Suke; He, Chaogang; Maguire, Maureen; Clemmons, Anthony; Burrier, Robert E.; Guzzi, M.; Strader, Catherine D.; Parker, Eric M.; Bayne, Marvin L.

doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00695-9

Cited by 71 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In contrast, mouse GALR1 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the brain and spinal cord with limited expression in the periphery (Wang et a!., 1997c).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 95%

Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3

Kolakowski

O’Neill

Howard

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

168

129

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Abstract:Galanin is a 29-or 30-amino acid peptide with wide-ranging effects on hormone release, feeding behavior, smooth muscle contractility, and somatosensory neuronal function. Three distinct galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes, designated GALR1, 2, and 3, have been cloned from the rat. We report here the cloning of the human GALR2 and GALR3 genes, an initial characterization of their pharmacology with respect to radioligand binding and signal transduction pathways, and a profile of their expression in brain and peripheral tissues. Human GALR2 and GALR3 show, respectively, 92 and 89% amino acid sequence identity with their rat homologues. Radioligand binding studies with 125l-galanin show that recombinant human GALR2 binds with high affinity to human galanin (K 0 = 0.3 nM). Human GALR3 binds galanin with less affinity (IC50 of 12 nM for porcine galanin and 75 nM for human galanin). Human GALR2 was shown to couple to phospholipase C and elevation of intracellular calcium levels as assessed by aequorin luminescence in HEK-293 cells and by Xenopus melanophore pigment aggregation and dispersion assays, in contrast to human GALR1 and human GALR3, which signal predominantly through inhibition of adenylate cyclase. GALR2 mRNA shows a wide distribution in the brain (mammillary nuclei, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and posterior hypothalamic, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei), and restricted peripheral tissue distritution with highest mRNA levels detected in human small intestine. In comparison, whereas GALR3 mRNA was expressed in many areas of the rat brain, there was abundant expression in the primary 01-factory cortex, olfactory tubercie, the islands of Calleja, the hippocampal CA regions of Ammon's horn, and the dentate gyrus. GALR3 mRNA was highly expressed in human testis and was detectable in adrenal gland and pancreas. The genes for human GALR2 and 3 were localized to chromosomes 17q25 and 22q12.2-13.1, respectively. Key Words: Galanin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor-Cloning.

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“…In contrast, mouse GALR1 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the brain and spinal cord with limited expression in the periphery (Wang et a!., 1997c).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 95%

Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3

Kolakowski

O’Neill

Howard

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

168

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In mammals, acute injection of galanin or active fragments such as galanin (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), into the PVN, lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, and the central nucleus of the amygdala, significantly increases food intake and produces rapid increases in the feeding response and total caloric intake [4,5,11,12] . The effects of galanin on feeding be-…”

Section: Effects Of Galanin On Food Intake and Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Galanin, a 29-amino-acid neuropeptide, is mainly distributed in central and peripheral nervous systems [6] . Currently, it is known that the galanin receptor subtypes include GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors [7] and are distributed in the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia [7][8][9] . Both GalR1 and GalR3 act through the Gi/o receptor, inhibiting adenyl cyclase and causing a decrease of cAMP [7,9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, it is known that the galanin receptor subtypes include GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors [7] and are distributed in the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia [7][8][9] . Both GalR1 and GalR3 act through the Gi/o receptor, inhibiting adenyl cyclase and causing a decrease of cAMP [7,9] . Distinct from GalR1 and GalR3, the GalR2 subtype activates the stimulatory pathway of Gq/ 11 , resulting in the hydrolysis of inositol phosphate, activation of atypical protein kinase C, and an increase of intracellular Ca 2+ [7,10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central nervous system regulation of food intake and energy expenditure: role of galanin-mediated feeding behavior

Fang

et al. 2011

Neurosci. Bull.

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Abstract:Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in the brain. It is implicated in energy expenditure, feeding, and the regulation of body weight. Numerous studies have revealed that galanin regulates food intake via galanin receptors, 5-HT 1A receptor and adrenergic α-2 receptor. In this review, we summarize recent findings that reveal the essential role of galanin in increasing food intake as well as body weight and that identify the individual galanin receptor subtypes involved in the brain's modulation of food intake and energy expenditure, to provide a theoretical basis for further studies of different aspects of galanin action.

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“…PCR was performed with TaqDNA polymerase (Gibco) in a reaction volume of 50 l. Products were visualized on a 1% agarose gel and purified with a QIAprep Miniprep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) and cloned into pAMP plasmids (Gibco). The insert was sequenced and verified to be a 377 base-pair (bp) cDNA, corresponding to bases 590 -967 of GALR1 mRNA (Wang et al, 1997).…”

Section: Generation Of Galr1 and Galanin Riboprobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

et al. 2003

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Abstract-To learn more about molecular alterations in the brain that occur as a consequence of either the chronic excess or absence of peptide neurotransmitters, we examined the impact of genetically manipulating the neuropeptide galanin on the expression of one of its cognate receptors, galanin receptor 1. First, we examined the distribution of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the mouse forebrain, and found it to be abundantly expressed in many brain regions, including in numerous hypothalamic and other forebrain regions associated with neuroendocrine function. The distribution of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the mouse was similar to previous reports in the rat, with additional expression noted in the caudate putamen and in several midbrain regions. Next, using quantitative in situ hybridization, we measured cellular levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the brains of mice that either overexpress galanin (galanin transgenic) or lack a functional galanin gene (galanin knockout). We report that relative to wild-type controls, the expression of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA was increased in discrete areas of the brain in galanin-transgenic mice, but that depletion of galanin/noradrenergic innervation to the hypothalamus with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine did not alter levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA. We also report that levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA were not different between galanin-knockout and wild-type mice. These results suggest that compensatory adjustments in the expression of cognate receptors represent one mechanism by which the developing nervous system attempts to maintain homeostasis in response to overexpression of a peptidergic transmitter. However, the lack of significant changes in galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in galanin-knockout mice suggests that developmentally programmed levels of receptor expression are maintained even in the complete absence of ligand.

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Genomic organization and functional characterization of the mouse GalR1 galanin receptor

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3

Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3

Central nervous system regulation of food intake and energy expenditure: role of galanin-mediated feeding behavior

Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

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