Central nervous system regulation of food intake and energy expenditure: role of galanin-mediated feeding behavior

Abstract

Abstract:Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in the brain. It is implicated in energy expenditure, feeding, and the regulation of body weight. Numerous studies have revealed that galanin regulates food intake via galanin receptors, 5-HT 1A receptor and adrenergic α-2 receptor. In this review, we summarize recent findings that reveal the essential role of galanin in increasing food intake as well as body weight and that identify the individual galanin receptor subtypes involved in the brain's modulation of food intake and energy expenditure, to provide a theoretical basis for further studies of different aspects of galanin action.

Galanin peptide family as a modulating target for contribution to metabolic syndrome

“…The studies confirm that the activation of GalR1 in the PVN may increase the food intake, body weight and adiposity of animals [26,27] (see Table 1). In contrast, central GalR2 and GalR3 are unlikely to be involved in the appetite stimulatory function of galanin [9,34,61,76,90].…”

“…An acute and chronic increase in galanin levels in the central nervous system may enhance the food intake of animals [26]. An injection of galanin or its agonist, galanin (1-16), into the lateral and ventromedial PVN and the central nucleus of the amygdala significantly increased food intake in rats (see Table 1) [14,15,47,59,76].…”

“…Galanin, a 29 amino-acid neuropeptide, is distributed widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and other tissues [85]. This peptide participates in modulating learning, memory, feeding, inflammation, pain threshold control, sexual behavior, insulin and pituitary hormone release [26,39,41,49]. There are three cloned galanin subtype receptors: GalR1-3.…”

The mechanisms of the widespread production of phosphorylated HSP25 after fatiguing muscle stimulation

“…Thus, under a complete pharmacological blockade of alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission, we observed a disappearance of the pHSP25 response to TA stimulation in the skeletal and respiratory muscles and the kidney. However, despite the fact that noradrenaline is also a central neurotransmitter (Arnsten and Pliszka, 2011;Berridge et al, 2012;Fang et al, 2011;Tomycz and Friedlander, 2011), we did not measure any significant reduction of pHSP25 response in the brain. This might signify that the noradrenergic-induced pHSP25 response to fatigue solely concerns the sympathetic innervations of vessels.…”

Myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by exogenous galanin fragment

“…Galanin modulates the release and secretion of many neurotransmitters and hormones in the central nervous system and periphery, such as acetylcholine, gastrin, insulin, dopamine, somatotropin and prolactin. Central administration of galanin stimulates feeding behavior and energy balance that impact body weight regulation [1]. Galanin is involved in central cardiovascular regulation, which affects the blood pressure and the heart rate [2].…”