Galanin peptide family as a modulating target for contribution to metabolic syndrome

Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Galanin Peptides and Receptors: Three Decades of Emerging Diversity

“…Data from several studies suggest galanin reduces insulin resistance by increasing glucose transporter 4 154 content in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes of healthy and type 2 diabetic rats (Jiang et al, 2009;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Fang et al, 2012b;Liang et al, 2012). Exercise decreased insulin resistance and significantly elevated plasma galanin levels in these rats (Jiang et al, 2009;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Liang et al, 2012).…”

Akt2-Dependent Beneficial Effect of Galanin on Insulin-Induced Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes of Diabetic Rats

“…Galanin is a 29/30 amino-acid peptide, distributed widely throughout the nervous and digestive systems as well as other tissues [3]. As a versatile peptide, galanin can modulate many physiological functions, particularly increases in food intake, body weight and adiposity in animals [4].…”

Elevated galanin may predict the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for development of Alzheimer’s disease

“…There are a lot of evidences support that other member of the galanin family influences insulin resistance of animals (Fang et al, 2012b). The GALP, the second member of the family, was discovered in 1999 in the porcine hypothalamus (Lang et al, 2015).…”

“…The central injection of GALP may increase glucose uptake, lipid metabolism and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels, but inhibit gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis in mice (Ito et al, 2013). Alarin, a regulatory peptide, belongs to the galanin family and plays the same regulatory roles as galanin in orexigenic activity and energy metabolism (Fang et al, 2012b). Our recent study demonstrated that central treatment with alarin significantly increased the body weight of animals, the glucose uptake, the plasma adiponectin levels, the glucose infusion rates in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests, the vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 as well as GLUT4 protein and mRNA levels, and the ratios of GLUT4 contents in plasma membranes to total cell membranes in adipocytes, but reduced blood glucose and plasma retinol-binding protein 4 levels (Guo et al, 2014).…”

“…Galanin, a 29/30-amino acid peptide hormone, was discovered in 1983 in the porcine intestine (Tatemoto et al, 1983). This peptide is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system as well as other tissues (Fang et al, 2012a) to modulate cognition, neuroendocrine, Alzheimer's disease (Counts et al, 2010;Crawley, 2008), food intake and energy homeostasis (Fang et al, 2012b). The galanin receptor family currently comprises three members, GalR1-3 (Webling et al, 2012).…”