Genome-Wide Analysis ofMycoplasma bovirhinisGS01 Reveals Potential Virulence Factors and Phylogenetic Relationships

Abstract

Mycoplasma bovirhinis is a significant etiology in bovine pneumonia and mastitis, but our knowledge about the genetic and pathogenic mechanisms of M. bovirhinis is very limited. In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of M. bovirhinis strain GS01 isolated from the nasal swab of pneumonic calves in Gansu, China, and we found that its genome forms a 847,985 bp single circular chromosome with a GC content of 27.57% and with 707 protein-coding genes. The putative virulence determinants of M. bovirhinis were then analyzed. Results showed that three genomic islands and 16 putative virulence genes, including one adhesion gene enolase, seven surface lipoproteins, proteins involved in glycerol metabolism, and cation transporters, might be potential virulence factors. Glycerol and pyruvate metabolic pathways were defective. Comparative analysis revealed remarkable genome variations between GS01 and a recently reported HAZ141_2 strain, and extremely low homology with others mycoplasma species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that M. bovirhinis was most genetically close to M. canis, distant from other bovine Mycoplasma species. Genomic dissection may provide useful information on the pathogenic mechanisms and genetics of M. bovirhinis.

Genomic Characterization and Probiotic Potency of Bacillus sp. DU-106, a Highly Effective Producer of L-Lactic Acid Isolated From Fermented Yogurt

“…Multiple sequence alignment was performed using PRANK v140110 ( Loytynoja and Goldman, 2005 ). Genomic synteny was analyzed on the basis of the results of the alignment, which was conducted using MUMmer v3.23 and LASTZ v1.03.54 tools between DU-1061 and referenced genome under default parameters ( Tang et al, 2011 ; Chen et al, 2018 ). The potential positions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were primary generated by MUMmer v3.23, and were further identified by BLAT 35 ( Kent, 2002 ).…”

Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors

“…M. bovis also express Eno and its function is the same as Eno in M. hyopneumoniae [70,71]. Similar Eno gene was also found in the genome of M. bovirhinis [3]. Some multifunctional enzymes including methylenetetrahydrofolate-tRNA-(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (TrmFO), NADH oxidase (NOX), and FBA also found in M. bovis.…”

“…Most human and animal mollicutes belong to the Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma genera of the family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasmas evolved from grampositive bacteria that underwent significant genome reduction; as such, most members of this genus exhibit host and tissue specificities and have limited metabolic options for replication and survival, forcing them to adapt to procure metabolic precursors from the host [3]. To accomplish this pathogenic process, mycoplasmas must first overcome several obstacles to successfully invade the host's defense and reach full lifecycles.…”

Genomic Islands in Mycoplasmas

“…The M. agalactiae prophage, hereafter designated as ϕMAgV1, was reported in the genome of an atypical strain associated with a mortality episode of Alpine ibexes in France [56]. Apart from these two prophage groups, an important number of phage-like protein sequences were recently documented in a 54 Kbp chromosomal region of M. bovirhinis strain HAZ141_2 suggesting the possible occurrence of a unique prophage in this ruminant mycoplasma species [60,61]. Proteins with significant similarity to known phage proteins were also detected in the genome of several human urogenital Mycoplasma species [70].…”

“…As mycoplasma genome sequences became available in public databases, a growing number of genomic elements were identified as prophage genomes or phage-like sequences [ 56 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 66 , 70 ]. Consistent with our previous observations with MICEs (see above), most existing computational tools dedicated to identifying prophage sequences in bacterial genomes are poorly efficient in distinguishing viral patterns from mycoplasma sequences [ 71 ].…”