Genome Size and Ploidy of Phlox paniculata and Related Germplasm in Subsections Paniculatae and Phlox

Abstract

Phlox is an important genus of herbaceous ornamental plants previously targeted for germplasm development, characterization, and enhancement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System. Among Phlox in cultivation, Phlox paniculata is the most widely grown and intensively bred species, but little is known about variation in genome size and ploidy of this species or of related taxa that may be used for germplasm enhancement. The objective of this study was to assess cytotype variation in a diverse collection of cultivars and wild germplasm of P. paniculata (subsection Paniculatae) and of related taxa in subsections Paniculatae and Phlox. The collection included 138 accessions from seven species and two interspecific hybrids. Flow cytometry was used to estimate holoploid (2C) genome sizes and to infer ploidy levels. Chromosome counts were made to calibrate ploidy with genome size for a subset of taxa. Most cultivars were diploid (2n = 2x = 14) and had mean genome sizes that did not vary between subsections Paniculatae (14.33 pg) and Phlox (14.23 pg) although size variation was greater among cultivars within subsection Phlox. Triploid cultivars of P. paniculata, with a mean genome size of 21.36 pg and mitotic chromosome counts of 2n = 3x = 21, were identified. Such triploids suggests previous interploid hybridization within this taxon. Five tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) cultivars were found in subsection Phlox; all were selections of P. glaberrima ssp. triflora, and had a mean genome size of 25.44 pg; chromosome counts in one of these confirmed they were tetraploid. The putative hybrid Phlox Suffruticosa Group 'Miss Lingard' showed an intermediate genome size of 21.21 pg supporting a triploid, hybrid origin of this taxon. Mean 2C genome sizes among wild-collected accessions were similar to values reported for cultivars (Paniculatae = 14.59 pg, Phlox = 14.23 pg), but taxa in subsection Phlox exhibited greater variation that included two tetraploids identified among wild-collected accessions; one, of P. pulchra, had a mean genome size of 26.17 pg, representing the first report of polyploidy in the taxon. This is the first report on genome size for the majority of species in the study. Although genome size could not be used to differentiate taxa in subsections Paniculatae and Phlox, the data provide further insights into cytotype variation of Phlox germplasm useful for plant breeders and systematists.

Mismatch between pollen and pistil size causes asymmetric mechanical reproductive isolation acrossPhloxspecies

“…The crossing results presented here corroborate those of previous experiments involving these Phlox species (Levin, 1963, 1966; Levin & Smith, 1965; Zale, 2014): heterospecific crosses yielded fewer seeds than conspecific crosses, and crosses between species with different style lengths yielded seeds only when the pollen parent was long-styled. As in these previous experiments, we found that controlled crosses within a species often did not result in complete seed set.…”

The role of polyploidy in shaping morphological diversity in natural populations ofPhlox amabilis

“…Prior work on P. amabilis identified populations with three ploidies: diploids, tetraploids, and hexaploids (Fehlberg and Ferguson, 2012a, b). Cytotypic variation in other species of Phlox L. is well documented (Flory, 1934; Meyer, 1944; Levin, 1966; Smith and Levin, 1967; Levy and Levin, 1974; Worcester et al, 2012; Zale and Jourdan, 2015; Wright et al, 2016; Zale et al, 2016). Moreover, morphological (Zhang et al, 2008; Tiwari and Mishra, 2012) and ecological (Garbutt and Bazzaz, 1983; Vyas et al, 2007) effects of polyploidy have been documented in synthetic polyploids of other species of Phlox .…”

Noteworthy Collections: First Record of a Natural Hybrid Between Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii (Alph. Wood) Wherry and Phlox pilosa ssp. sangamonensis (Levin & D.M. Sm.)

“…Phlox specimens are notoriously variable in appearance, even within populations (Zale 2014). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that it was an F 1 hybrid by combining genetic and morphological measures.…”