Genipin-Crosslinking Effects on Biomatrix Development for Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review

Abstract

Split skin graft (SSG), a standard gold treatment for wound healing, has numerous limitations such as lack of fresh skin to be applied, tedious process, severe scarring, and keloid formation followed by higher risks of infection. Thus, there is a gap in producing polymeric scaffolds as an alternative for wound care management. Bioscaffold is the main component in tissue engineering technology that provides porous three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture for cells to survive. Upon skin tissue reconstruction, the 3D-porous structure ensures sufficient nutrients and gaseous diffusion and cell penetration that improves cell proliferation and vascularization for tissue regeneration. Hence, it is highly considered a promising candidate for various skin wound healing applications. To date, natural-based crosslinking agents have been extensively used to tailor the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the skin biomatrix. Genipin (GNP) is preferable to other plant-based crosslinkers due to its biological activities, such as antiinflammatory and antioxidant, which are key players to boost skin wound healing. In addition, it has shown a noncytotoxic effect and is biocompatible with human skin cells. This review validated the effects of GNP in biomatrix fabrication for skin wound healing from the last 7 years of established research articles and stipulated the biomaterial development-scale point of view. Lastly, the possible role of GNP in the skin wound healing cascade is also discussed. Through the literature output, it can be concluded that GNP has the capability to increase the stability of biomatrix and maintain the skin cells viability, which will contribute in accelerating wound healing.

Cell secretomes for wound healing and tissue regeneration: Next generation acellular based tissue engineered products

“… 22 Split-thickness skin grafting (SSG) is the standard treatment where the harvest of SSG consisting of epidermal and dermal tissue creates a partial-thickness wound that involves pain management, wound care and healing time. 23 , 24 However, SSG have several disadvantages, including the potential creating of secondary skin injury from the donor site, high risk of infections, post-implantation failure, increase scarring formation, and difficulty in treating patients with severe skin loss due to the limited amount of skin to be harvested. 25 , 26 Besides that, constituting a further challenge to the use of autologous grafts is the limitation of donor-site availability in patients who at the extremes of age such as very young and very old patients.…”

Acellular fish skin for wound healing

“…Because of the absence of movement, it will produce an ionic or covalent connection that connects one polymer chain to another, forming a network structure that is more stable and less reactive. 59 Many studies have used different types of crosslinkers to improve the physicomechanical properties of fish skin. Ma et al modified Basa acellular dermal matrix (BADM) by carbodiimide (EDC), oxidised chitosan, and glutaraldehyde crosslinkers.…”

“…Crosslinking is a process that involves joining two or more molecules chemically to stabilise the final products. Because of the absence of movement, it will produce an ionic or covalent connection that connects one polymer chain to another, forming a network structure that is more stable and less reactive 59 …”

Functionalised-biomatrix for wound healing and cutaneous regeneration: future impactful medical products in clinical translation and precision medicine

“…Carbodiimide or glutaraldehyde are crosslinking agents that strengthen ECM-based scaffolds and have been shown to encourage an early pro-inflammatory immune cell phenotype and inhibit macrophage ECM degradation ( Brown et al, 2012 ; Sadtler et al, 2019 ). On the other hand, genipin is preferable to other plant-based crosslinkers due to its biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory which are key players in boosting skin wound healing ( Utami Nike et al, 2022 ). The integration of natural-based antioxidant compounds in the implanted biomaterial has revealed an advancement in supporting and expediting tissue regeneration where the scaffolds should be able to maintain their antioxidant activity while facilitating skin tissue recovery.…”