Functionalised-biomatrix for wound healing and cutaneous regeneration: future impactful medical products in clinical translation and precision medicine

Abstract

Skin tissue engineering possesses great promise in providing successful wound injury and tissue loss treatments that current methods cannot treat or achieve a satisfactory clinical outcome. A major field direction is exploring bioscaffolds with multifunctional properties to enhance biological performance and expedite complex skin tissue regeneration. Multifunctional bioscaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) constructs manufactured from natural and synthetic biomaterials using cutting-edge tissue fabrication techniques incorporated with cells, growth factors, secretomes, antibacterial compounds, and bioactive molecules. It offers a physical, chemical, and biological environment with a biomimetic framework to direct cells toward higher-order tissue regeneration during wound healing. Multifunctional bioscaffolds are a promising possibility for skin regeneration because of the variety of structures they provide and the capacity to customise the chemistry of their surfaces, which allows for the regulated distribution of bioactive chemicals or cells. Meanwhile, the current gap is through advanced fabrication techniques such as computational designing, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting to fabricate multifunctional scaffolds with long-term safety. This review stipulates the wound healing processes used by commercially available engineered skin replacements (ESS), highlighting the demand for a multifunctional, and next-generation ESS replacement as the goals and significance study in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This work also scrutinise the use of multifunctional bioscaffolds in wound healing applications, demonstrating successful biological performance in the in vitro and in vivo animal models. Further, we also provided a comprehensive review in requiring new viewpoints and technological innovations for the clinical application of multifunctional bioscaffolds for wound healing that have been found in the literature in the last 5 years.

Effect of Multiple-Cycle Collections of Conditioned Media from Different Cell Sources towards Fibroblasts in In Vitro Wound Healing Model

“…The usage of skin substitutes for wound healing has been sparked by the conventional treatment of skin loss [ 32 ]. Many skin replacements have recently been employed in clinical settings to treat and heal massive and deep wound injuries [ 33 ].…”

Advancements in engineered exosomes for wound repair: current research and future perspectives

“…Zhang, W., Wang, L., Guo, H., Chen, L., and Huang, X. (2023). Dapagliflozinloaded exosome mimetics facilitate diabetic wound healing by HIF-1α-Mediated enhancement of angiogenesis.…”

“…In recent decades, significant research efforts have been focused on developing treatments that facilitate wound healing and inhibit scar formation. Traditional approaches have mainly centered on debridement of necrotic tissue, infection control, and the application of growth factors to promote granulation tissue formation, fostering a favorable microenvironment for wound healing ( Fadilah et al, 2023 ; Lin et al, 2023 ; Ni et al, 2023 ). Nevertheless, current strategies for wound repair treatment have limitations, especially for severe burns and chronic skin ulcers, due to persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and inadequate extracellular matrix remodeling within the wound microenvironment ( Liu et al, 2022a ).…”

In Vitro Cytocompatibility Assessment of Novel 3D Chitin/Glucan- and Cellulose-Based Decellularized Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering

“…The percentages of the porosity, swelling ratio, and degradation of scaffolds were calculated as described earlier [4,14]. The swelling ratio (%) was determined with the formula:…”

“…Split skin grafts (SSG) of healthy skin comprising the epidermis and a part of the dermis layers are generally used to cover the areas of damaged skin of non-healing wounds. SSG grafting facilitates the transfer of self-renewing keratinocyte stem cells to the wound area to initiate and be involved in the rapid healing processes and skin regeneration [4]. However, SSG for full-thickness wounds causes hypertrophic scars/keloid formation, limits the utilization of SSG, and requires ideal alternative techniques for wound healing.…”