Genetics of anthocyanin formation in petals of the Red Campion (Silene dioica (L) Clairv.)

Kamsteeg, John; Brederode, J. van; Nigtevecht, G. van

doi:10.1007/bf00139492

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Conversely, when the mean population content of anthocyanins was analyzed, a positive correlation among all plant organs was found. In the pink flowered S. dioica , anthocyanin accumulation in petals, calyxes, and vegetative organs is greatly increased when understory plants are exposed to full sun (Kamsteeg et al, 1979 ). The apparent contradiction in which anthocyanin content in the different organs are unrelated at the intra-population level, but related at the inter-population level, may be explained by the lower range of climatic variation at the intra-population level than at the inter-population level, as is common in coastal species (Sagarin et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea)

et al. 2015

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The presence of anthocyanins in flowers and fruits is frequently attributed to attracting pollinators and dispersers. In vegetative organs, anthocyanins and other non-pigmented flavonoids such as flavones and flavonols may serve protective functions against UV radiation, cold, heat, drought, salinity, pathogens, and herbivores; thus, these compounds are usually produced as a plastic response to such stressors. Although, the independent accumulation of anthocyanins in reproductive and vegetative tissues is commonly postulated due to differential regulation, the accumulation of flavonoids within and among populations has never been thoroughly compared. Here, we investigated the shore campion (Silene littorea, Caryophyllaceae) which exhibits variation in anthocyanin accumulation in its floral and vegetative tissues. We examined the in-situ accumulation of flavonoids in floral (petals and calyxes) and vegetative organs (leaves) from 18 populations representing the species' geographic distribution. Each organ exhibited considerable variability in the content of anthocyanins and other flavonoids both within and among populations. In all organs, anthocyanin and other flavonoids were correlated. At the plant level, the flavonoid content in petals, calyxes, and leaves was not correlated in most of the populations. However, at the population level, the mean amount of anthocyanins in all organs was positively correlated, which suggests that the variable environmental conditions of populations may play a role in anthocyanin accumulation. These results are unexpected because the anthocyanins are usually constitutive in petals, yet contingent to environmental conditions in calyxes and leaves. Anthocyanin variation in petals may influence pollinator attraction and subsequent plant reproduction, yet the amount of anthocyanins may be a direct response to environmental factors. In populations on the west coast, a general pattern of increasing accumulation of flavonoids toward southern latitudes was observed in calyxes and leaves. This pattern corresponds to a gradual increase of UV-B radiation and temperature, and a decrease of rainfall toward the south. However, populations along the southern coast exposed to similar climatic stressors showed highly variable flavonoid contents, implying that other factors may play a role in flavonoid accumulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea)

et al. 2015

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“…The genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) is a model for studies of evolutionary ecology (Bernasconi et al, 2009 ), yet no one has examined the molecular and biochemical basis for flower color polymorphisms in any of the species (yet see the proposed ABP in Kamsteeg et al, 1979 ). Although the Caryophyllales are largely characterized by the production of betalain pigments in place of anthocyanins, flower color variation in Silene is still caused by anthocyanins (Brockington et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Biochemical Analysis of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Silene littorea (Caryophyllaceae)

et al. 2016

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Flower color polymorphisms are widely used as model traits from genetics to ecology, yet determining the biochemical and molecular basis can be challenging. Anthocyanin-based flower color variations can be caused by at least 12 structural and three regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP). We use mRNA-Seq to simultaneously sequence and estimate expression of these candidate genes in nine samples of Silene littorea representing three color morphs (dark pink, light pink and white) across three developmental stages in hopes of identifying the cause of flower color variation. We identified 29 putative paralogs for the 15 candidate genes in the ABP. We assembled complete coding sequences for 16 structural loci and nine of ten regulatory loci. Among these 29 putative paralogs, we identified 622 SNPs, yet only nine synonymous SNPs in Ans had allele frequencies that differentiated pigmented petals (dark pink and light pink) from white petals. These Ans allele frequency differences were further investigated with an expanded sequencing survey of 38 individuals, yet no SNPs consistently differentiated the color morphs. We also found one locus, F3h1, with strong differential expression between pigmented and white samples (>42x). This may be caused by decreased expression of Myb1a in white petal buds. Myb1a in S. littorea is a regulatory locus closely related to Subgroup 7 Mybs known to regulate F3h and other loci in the first half of the ABP in model species. We then compare the mRNA-Seq results with petal biochemistry which revealed cyanidin as the primary anthocyanin and five flavonoid intermediates. Concentrations of three of the flavonoid intermediates were significantly lower in white petals than in pigmented petals (rutin, quercetin and isovitexin). The biochemistry results for rutin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin are consistent with the transcriptome results suggesting a blockage at F3h, possibly caused by downregulation of Myb1a.

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“…The mutations causing fl oral anthocyanin defi ciency are clearly recessive because the offspring of crosses between white morphs were uniformly white and the fi rst-generation hybrids between the pink and white morph individuals were uniformly pink, as also reported by Kamsteeg et al (1979) . Differing from their study, our results are not consistent with one recessive mutation because the cause of fl oral anthocyanin defi ciency as F 2 crosses and backcrosses toward the white morph produced signifi cantly fewer hybrids than expected under this scenario.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Inheritance and reproductive consequences of floral anthocyanin deficiency inSilene dioica (Caryophyllaceae)

Rahmé

Suter

Widmer

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

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Genetics of anthocyanin formation in petals of the Red Campion (Silene dioica (L) Clairv.)

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea)

On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea)

Transcriptome and Biochemical Analysis of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Silene littorea (Caryophyllaceae)

Inheritance and reproductive consequences of floral anthocyanin deficiency inSilene dioica (Caryophyllaceae)

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