“…To realize this level of critical scientific literacy, understanding the nature of science and the interaction of Science-Technology-Society (STS) must be strengthened, and one of the most cited ways to attain it is through an SSI-based approach (Canlas and Karpudewan, 2020). Over the past two decades, SSI has gained popularity in scientific investigations spread across different areas of science to examine its effectiveness in promoting conceptual understanding and scientific literacy, such as in biology (Anisa et al, 2020), chemistry (Dishadewi et al, 2020), and physics (Hariapsari et al, 2018); disaster risk reduction (Canlas and Karpudewan, 2022); and biotechnology (Anisa et al, 2020). All these works of literature about SSI claimed to have a positive impact on the overall learning process, specifically, in improving reasoning and argumentative skills, increasing interest and attitude toward science and learning, promoting motivation and self-efficacy, along with their sense of civic responsibility (Canlas and Karpudewan, 2022).…”