Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 infections in central China

Mu, Chunlong; Yang, Qingyuan; Zhang, Yina; Zhou, Yonggang; Zhang, Jixi; Martin, Darren P.; Xia, Pingan; Bao-an, Cui

doi:10.1007/s11262-012-0789-7

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Circular ssDNA viruses are known to have mechanistic predispositions for recombination and are notorious for high recombination rates (Cai et al, 2012;Cheung, 2009;Julian et al, 2012Julian et al, , 2013Lefeuvre et al, 2009;Martin et al, 2011;Massaro et al, 2012;Mu et al, 2012;Varsani et al, 2011). We found evidence of three intra-species recombination events within cycloviruses, all within the highly sampled DfCyV-1 isolates from the Kingdom of Tonga, similar to those described by Rosario et al (2011).…”

Section: Recombination Analysissupporting

confidence: 81%

High global diversity of cycloviruses amongst dragonflies

Dayaram

Potter

Moline

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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Members of the family Circoviridae, specifically the genus Circovirus, were thought to infect only vertebrates; however, members of a sister group under the same family, the proposed genus Cyclovirus, have been detected recently in insects. In an effort to explore the diversity of cycloviruses and better understand the evolution of these novel ssDNA viruses, here we present five cycloviruses isolated from three dragonfly species (Orthetrum sabina, Xanthocnemis zealandica and Rhionaeschna multicolor) collected in Australia, New Zealand and the USA, respectively. The genomes of these five viruses share similar genome structure to other cycloviruses, with a circular 1.7 kb genome and two major bidirectionally transcribed ORFs. The genomic sequence data gathered during this study were combined with all cyclovirus genomes available in public databases to identify conserved motifs and regulatory elements in the intergenic regions, as well as determine diversity and recombinant regions within their genomes. The genomes reported here represent four different cyclovirus species, three of which are novel. Our results confirm that cycloviruses circulate widely in winged-insect populations; in eight different cyclovirus species identified in dragonflies to date, some of these exhibit a broad geographical distribution. Recombination analysis revealed both intra-and inter-species recombination events amongst cycloviruses, including genomes recovered from disparate sources (e.g. goat meat and human faeces). Similar to other well-characterized circular ssDNA viruses, recombination may play an important role in cyclovirus evolution. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the genome sequences of dragonfly cycloviruses identified in this study are KC512916-KC512920. One supplementary figure and two supplementary tables are available with the online version of this paper.

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Section: Recombination Analysissupporting

confidence: 81%

High global diversity of cycloviruses amongst dragonflies

Dayaram

Potter

Moline

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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“…It has been shown that these regions contain positions which are under negative and positive selection. Especially, non-conserved positions were found to be under positive selection, which can be considered sites targeted by host immune system [59, 67]. Conserved domains in PCV2 proteins are essential sites for their functionality and any mutation in these sites are non-viable for the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine circovirus 2 immunology and viral evolution

Kekarainen

Segalés

2015

Porc Health Manag

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has and is still causing important economic losses to pig industry. This is due to PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which increases mortality rates and slows down the growth of the animals, as well as other conditions collectively included within the so-called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). PCV2-SD affected pigs are considered to be immunosuppressed, with severe lymphocyte depletion and evidence of secondary infections. However, PCV2-infected pigs not developing the disease are able to mount humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus or limit the infection. On the contrary, insufficient amounts of neutralizing antibodies have been linked to increased PCV2 replication, severe lymphoid lesions and development of PCV2-SD. Central role in controlling PCV2 infection are played by the antigen specific memory T cells. These cells persist long term post-infection or vaccination and are able to expand rapidly after recall antigen recognition. Most farms in the main pig producing countries are applying vaccination against PCV2 to prevent the disease and improve the farm performance. Vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity and PCV2 keeps on circulating even in farms applying vaccination. This, together with the high mutation rate of PCV2, world-wide fluctuations in the genotype dominance and emergence of novel genetic variants, warrant close molecular survey of the virus in the field.

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“…Since then, it has brought great losses in pig production worldwide (3, 4). In 2001, PMWS associated with PCV2 infection in China occurred on many large pig farms in animals, and numerous PCV2 strains have been isolated since then (5–7). …”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCV2 strains are divided into three PCV2 genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2c (8). Recently, PCV2b has been the most prevalent strain in China (5, 7). …”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%